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Casein-derived peptides have been shown to reduce blood pressure in animal studies, but evidence from human trials remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the antihypertensive effect and possible mechanisms of a hydrolyzed casein peptide tablet containing GPFPIIV and FFVAPFPEVFGK (HCP-C7C12) in prehypertensive/hypertensive patients. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 131 participants were recruited and randomly allocated to either the test product group (HCP) taking tablets containing HCP-C7C12 or the placebo group for an eight-week intervention. 114 participants finally completed the study. After the intervention, both the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the HCP group were significantly reduced ( P  < 0.01) by 9.41% and 9.53%, respectively. The antihypertensive mechanisms may involve (1) HCP-C7C12 acting as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, reducing angiotensin II production, and (2) modulating amino acid abundance such as L-Arginine, L-valine, leucine, and phenylalanine, resulting in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that improve endothelial function. Additionally, HCP-C7C12 exhibited prebiotic-like effects, activating the butyrate and propionate production pathway and increasing the abundance of gut microbes with anti-inflammatory potentials. Overall, long-term consumption of the HCP-C7C12 tablet could be advantageous for blood pressure control in prehypertensive or hypertensive individuals.

To compare the effect of Nanohydroxy apatite (NHA), Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), CPP-ACP with fluoride (CPP-ACPF), versus fluoride gel on remineralization and color improvement of white spot lesions (WSLs) after clinical application followed by home treatment. Thirty-two children from 10 to 14 years with 100 teeth were participated in this study. Affected teeth were randomly allocated into five groups ( n  = 20); group I: NHA, group II: CPP-ACP, group III: CPP-ACP + F, group: IV: Fluoride gel and group V: no treatment. After application for five minutes, remineralization was assessed via diagnodent while Vita easy shade was used for color assessment before and after treatment. In- office procedures were repeated after one week and one month, while continuous home application was followed. Remineralization and color assessment were repeated at each interval. The remineralization ability and color change showed a significant difference between the examined groups at different intervals with p value < 0.001. Where group I had the significantly highest remineralization ability at different periods. While the color difference was significant in group III followed by group I after immediate application. However, at one-month group III had the most significant color change in all groups. NHA could be a potent remineralizing agent while improving the color of WSLs. CPP-ACP + F had a superior masking and sustainable effect of the WSLs. Combined in office followed by continuous home application of different remineralizing agents could mask the WSLs which satisfy the patients’ needs. Trial registration: This study was initially registered on https://ClinicalTrials.gov on 12/02/2025 as first posted date, with ID: NCT06821724 - https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06821724 .

This study investigated whether feeding with a highly hydrolyzed milk formula would decrease the incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in genetically susceptible children. The intervention appeared to have a long-lasting effect on markers of beta-cell autoimmunity. Type 1 diabetes is defined by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets in genetically susceptible persons. Overt diabetes is preceded by an asymptomatic period of highly variable duration 1 during which diabetes-associated autoantibodies appear in the peripheral circulation as markers of emerging beta-cell autoimmunity. Five disease-related autoantibodies predict the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes: islet-cell antibodies; insulin autoantibodies; and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the tyrosine phosphatase-related insulinoma-associated 2 molecule (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8). 2 , 3 Positivity for two or more antibodies signals a risk of 50 to 100% for the development of type . . .

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of home-use desensitizing agents over an 8-week period by comparing them using different measurement methods. Methods A randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 180 individuals aged between 18 and 70 who clinically diagnosed dentin hypersensitivity (DH) in two or more non-adjacent teeth. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria ( n  = 164) were randomly allocated into five test groups—using Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), Arginine, Novamin, Propolis, and Potassium nitrate—and a control group using standard fluoride toothpaste. The status of DH was assessed at week 4 and week 8 by the same independent examiner. Changes from baseline in Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire-15 (DHEQ-15), Schiff Sensitivity Scale (SSS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were analysed using ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis tests. Results All test groups showed statistically significant improvements in DH at weeks 4 and 8 compared to baseline in the DHEQ-15, VAS, and SSS assessments ( p  < 0.005). In the control group, significant improvements were observed only in the VAS and SSS measurements from baseline to weeks 8 ( p  < 0.005). The CPP-ACP group demonstrated the greatest reduction in scores by the end of week 8 compared to baseline, with DHEQ-15 (56.68 ± 17.87), VAS (6.52 ± 1.48), and SSS (2.32 ± 0.56). Conclusions Among the tested agents, the CPP-ACP group demonstrated the most notable reduction in DH symptoms by week 8, highlighting its potential as an effective method for alleviating DH symptoms in a home-use agents. Clinical relevance Home-use desensitizing agents are effective in the treatment of DH, improving the daily activities of patients who cannot access clinical care and ensuring the relief of DH before clinical invasive procedures. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06216262.

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) slows the progression of caries and remineralizes enamel subsurface lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of CPP-ACP to increase the incorporation of fluoride into plaque and to promote enamel remineralization in situ. Randomized, double-blind, cross-over studies involved mouthrinses and dentifrices containing CPP-ACP and fluoride. The mouthrinses were used for 60 sec, three times/day for 5 days, and supragingival plaque was collected and analyzed for F. The dentifrices were rinsed as a water slurry for 60 sec four times/day for 14 days in an in situ model. The addition of 2% CPP-ACP to the 450-ppm-F mouthrinse significantly increased the incorporation of fluoride into plaque. The dentifrice containing 2% CPP-ACP produced a level of remineralization similar to that achieved with a dentifrice containing 2800 ppm F. The dentifrice containing 2% CPP-ACP plus 1100 ppm F was superior to all other formulations.

The health benefits currently associated with increased dairy intake may be attributable to the whey component of dairy proteins. The present study evaluated the effects of whey protein supplementation on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in comparison to casein and glucose (control) supplementation in overweight/obese individuals for 12 weeks. The subjects were randomised to whey protein, casein or glucose supplementation for 12 weeks according to a parallel design. Fasting blood samples and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements were taken. Seventy men and women with a mean age of 48·4 (sem 0·86) years and a mean BMI of 31·3 (sem 0·8) kg/m2 completed the study. Subjects supplemented with whey protein had no significant change in body composition or serum glucose at 12 weeks compared with the control or casein group. Fasting TAG levels were significantly lowered in the whey group compared with the control group at 6 weeks (P = 0·025) and 12 weeks (P = 0·035). There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol at week 12 in the whey group compared with the casein (P = 0·026 and 0·045, respectively) and control groups (P < 0·001 and 0·003, respectively). Fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance scores were also significantly decreased in the whey group compared with the control group (P = 0·049 and P = 0·034, respectively). The present study demonstrated that supplementation with whey proteins improves fasting lipids and insulin levels in overweight and obese individuals.

Objectives To compare the long-term remineralization of initial caries lesion (ICL) treated with different remineralizing agents during orthodontic retention using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Materials and methods This randomised clinical trial recruited 30 patients on fixed appliances with at least one ICL labially on any maxillary incisor. At debond (baseline), they were allocated to three groups, where twice daily fluoride toothpaste was given: (1) as control; (2) supplemented with daily casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF); or (3) supplemented with three-monthly professional applied fluoride varnish (FV). Primary outcome was the OCT backscatter reflectance changes of the ICL, measured as integrated reflectivity (IR). Follow-ups were at three-month intervals up to 12 months. The trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04788550). Results Analyses included 26 participants (nine control; nine CPP-ACPF; eight FV). There were significant reduction in integrated reflectivity over time. Post hoc comparisons showed reductions were significant up to 150-micron depth at 6-months, and up to 250-micron depth at both 9- and 12-months follow-up compared to baseline. At 12-months, FV had the lowest IR values, followed by CPP-ACPF and control, but the differences between groups were not significant. Conclusions After 12-months observation, use of fluoridated toothpaste alone or supplemented with either fluoride varnish or CPP-ACPF promotes enamel remineralization up to 250-micron depth. Clinical relevance Daily fluoridated toothpaste with regular 3-monthly recall visits from the start of orthodontic retention is recommended for effective control of initial caries lesions. FV and CPP-ACPF supplementation can be considered but their long-term benefits remain inconclusive.

Orthodontic patients have an increased risk of white-spot lesion formation. A clinical trial was conducted to test whether, in a post-orthodontic population using fluoride toothpastes and receiving supervised fluoride mouthrinses, more lesions would regress in participants using a remineralizing cream containing casein phosphopeptide- amorphous calcium phosphate compared with a placebo. Forty-five participants (aged 12–18 yrs) with 408 white-spot lesions were recruited, with 23 participants randomized to the remineralizing cream and 22 to the placebo. Product was applied twice daily after fluoride toothpaste use for 12 weeks. Clinical assessments were performed according to ICDAS II criteria. Transitions between examinations were coded as progressing, regressing, or stable. Ninety-two percent of lesions were assessed as code 2 or 3. For these lesions, 31% more had regressed with the remineralizing cream than with the placebo (OR = 2.3, P = 0.04) at 12 weeks. Significantly more post-orthodontic white-spot lesions regressed with the remineralizing cream compared with a placebo over 12 weeks.

Oral iron supplementation is the cornerstone for the management of iron-deficiency anemia. A new oral formulation of iron conjugated with N-aspartyl-casein (Fe-ASP) (Omalin®, Uni-Pharma) is studied in the ACCESS double-blind, double-dummy randomized clinical trial; 60 patients were randomized to 12-week oral treatment twice every day either with oral ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) delivering 47 mg elementary iron or oral Fe-ASP delivering 40 mg elementary iron. Participants had hemoglobin less than 10 g/dl, decreased red blood cell (RBC) count, and ferritin lower than 30 ng/ml; patients with a medical history of malignancy were excluded. The primary endpoint was the increase of Hb in the first 4 weeks of treatment, and the study was powered for non-inferiority. A new score of global improvement was introduced where all participants were given one point for any at least 10% increase of Hb, RBC, and reticulocytes. At week 4, the mean (SE) change of Hb was 0.76 g/dl in the FeSO4 group and 0.83 g/dl in the Fe-ASP group (p: 0.876). The odds for worse allocation of the global score were 0.35 in the Fe-ASP group compared to the FeSO4 group. Patients in the Fe-ASP group experienced a significant decrease in the number of IDA-related physical signs by week 4. No differences were found between the two groups in any of the patient-reported outcomes of fatigue and of gastrointestinal adverse events either at week 4 or at week 12. ACCESS is the most recent clinical trial showing the non-inferiority of Fe-ASP to FeSO4 for the primary endpoint of the Hb change.

Background One of the most undesirable side effects of comprehensive orthodontic treatment is white spot lesions (WSLs). Despite many attempts at prevention of WSLs, its prevalence remains very high on debonding. There are many agents like fluoride toothpastes, fluoride varnishes, and fluoride mouth rinses, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is frequently used for the remineralization of WSLs. However, there is no consensus in the literature with respect to the success rates of these agents. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of fluoride toothpaste alone and in combination with fluoride varnish and CPP-ACP plus crème in the remineralization of post-orthodontic WSLs. Methods Forty-five subjects in the age range of 16–25 years having at least one post-orthodontic WSL were included in the study. All the subjects were randomly divided into three groups (toothpaste group, varnish group, and CPP-ACP group). The efficacy of various remineralizing agents on the remineralization of WSLs was evaluated clinically and by DIAGNOdent immediately after debonding and subsequently after 1, 3, and 6 months of their use. Results Twice daily use of fluoride toothpaste alone had no significant effect on remineralization of WSLs at various intervals of observations ( P  = 0.078). Application of fluoride varnish along with twice daily use of fluoride toothpaste for 6 months significantly decreased the severity of WSLs ( P  < 0.01). Twice daily use of CPP-ACP plus crème along with fluoride toothpaste had significant effect on remineralization of WSLs at the end of 6 months of observation ( P  < 0.05). Between the group comparison showed that the mean visual and DIAGNOdent scores at various time intervals of observations were decreased more when fluoride varnish and CPP-ACP crème were used in addition to daily use of fluoride toothpaste, but the differences were not statistically significant ( P  > 0.05). Conclusions The use of fluoride varnish and CPP-ACP plus crème in addition to twice daily use of fluoride toothpaste had no additional benefit in the remineralization of post-orthodontic WSLs.