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Correction: Zhang et al. Mass Balance Studies of Robenidine Hydrochloride in the Body of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Animals 2023, 13, 3745
There were errors in the original publication [...]
Journal Article
Ursula upside down
\"Ursula is a happy catfish, swimming through a shimmering river with weeds waving above and a sky full of scrumptious bugs below. Then one question turns her world upside down. Is left right? Is right wrong? Which way even is up?\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Dose response effects of dietary clove and peppermint oils on the growth performance, physio-metabolic response, feed utilization, immunity, and organ histology in African catfish (clarias gariepinus)
Phytochemicals and essential oils have been widely used as growth promoters in aquaculture. However, the optimal dose of a blend of essential oils for promoting the growth and health of African catfish (
Clarias gariepinus
) remains largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the dose-response effects of dietary supplementation with a blend of clove and peppermint oils (CPO) on growth indices, feed utilization, physio-metabolic responses, immunity, and organ histology in African catfish. Catfish (105.1 ± 0.5 g) were fed diets containing 0.0 (control; CPO0), 1.0 (CPO1), 2.0 (CPO2), or 3.0 mL CPO/kg diet for two months. The results displayed that fish performance and feed intake significantly improved with increasing CPO levels in a linear manner (
P
< 0.01). Additionally, the specific growth rate and hemoglobin (R
2
= 84.6%) levels showed quadratic improvements with the optimal doses at 1.12 mL and 1.6 mL/kg diet, respectively. The inclusion of dietary CPO linearly affected aspartate aminotransferase (AST; R
2
= 93.1%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; R
2
= 97.7%), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; R
2
= 97.0%), and glucose (R
2
= 85.9%) levels in the plasma of catfish (
P
< 0.001). Increasing the concentrations of dietary CPO led to a quadratic decrease in creatinine (R
2
= 98.7%), uric acid (R
2
= 94.8%), and cortisol (R
2
= 87.1%;
P
< 0.001), with optimal doses confirmed at 1.75, 2.7, and 1.3-mL CPO per kg of diet, respectively. Dietary CPO has a significant modulatory impact on immune-antioxidant variables in African catfish in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing CPO in the fish diets resulted in a quadratic increase in the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG; R
2
= 98.8%), lysozyme activity (R
2
= 93.9%), and total antioxidant capacity (R
2
= 84.9%). The corresponding dose–response curves displayed that the optimal doses were at 1.85, 2.1, and 1.8 mL/kg of diet. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly improved in all CPO-treated groups in a quadratic manner, with optimal doses at 1.25 mL (R
2
= 90.6%) and 1.55 mL (R
2
= 89.7%) per kg of diet. Catfish fed diets supplemented with CPO showed gradual improvements in hepatocytes (HP), and blood vessels (BV) with an increased number of binucleated cells. Moreover, catfish fed diets containing CPO had improvement in the tubular epithelium, Bowman’s capsule, and a few melanomacrophage areas. This study revealed that CPO supplementation at an optimal dose of 1–2 mL/kg of diet significantly improved growth performance, feed utilization, metabolic processes, and immune and antioxidant functions in African catfish.
Journal Article
Nature’s grip: Unveiling the architecture and proteomics of the adhesive organ of a hill stream catfish, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and proteomics analysis using high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry exhibit significant adaptive structural modifications and characteristic proteins in the adhesive organ (AO) of Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, that could assist the adhesion of the fish to the substratum . The free surface of the epithelium of AO showed characteristic mound-like tubercles separated by deep furrows. These could enhance surface grip, and assist in creation of vacuum facilitating adhesion effectively. Spine-like unculi on the surface of the epithelium appear to assist clinging of the fish to the substratum as well as to scrape food particles for feeding. Taste buds located on the summit of mound-like tubercles could serve as adaptations to enhance their sensitivity in food selection and in environmental perception. Mucous and serous goblet cell secretions are believed to function as biological adhesives and protective surface lubricants. Proteomic analysis identified 285 differentially expressed proteins in the AO compared to those in the ventral and the dorsal skin. Out of these proteins in the AO, 80 proteins were significantly abundant. These were Periplakin, Desmoplakin, and Filamin A-like (adhesion related proteins); KRT8 and KRT19 (keratinization associated proteins); Myosin-7, Myosin light chain 13, and Tropomyosin 1 (proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization); and Apolipoprotein A1 and Complement Component 9 (proteins related to immune defense). Gene ontology analysis using Enrichr software revealed the enrichment of unique biological functions and pathways. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive strategies that enable P. disjunctivus to thrive in turbulent hillstream environments. Additionally, the proteomic profile established in this study serves as a foundation for characterizing and comparing skin proteomes across teleost species.
Journal Article
Modulus adaptive lubricating prototype inspired by instant muscle hardening mechanism of catfish skin
In nature, living organisms evolve unique functional components with mechanically adaptive compatibility to cater dynamic change of interface friction/lubrication. This mechanism can be used for developing intelligent artificial lubrication-regulation systems. Inspired by the muscle hardening-triggered lubrication of
longsnout catfish
, here we report a modulus adaptive lubricating hydrogel prototype consisting of top mucus-like hydrophilic lubricating layer and muscle-like bottom hydrogel that can stiffen via thermal-triggered phase separation. It exhibits instant switch from soft/high frictional state (~0.3 MPa,
μ
~0.37) to stiff/lubricating state (~120 MPa,
μ
~0.027) in water upon heating up. Such switchable lubrication is effective for wide range of normal loads and attributed to the modulus-dominated adaptive contact mechanism. As a proof-of-concept, switchable lubricating hydrogel bullets and patches are engineered for realizing controllable interface movements. These important results demonstrate potential applications in the fields of intelligent motion devices and soft robots.
Stimuli responsive materials are interesting for applications in different technological fields, but realizing controllable surface friction-control based on the change of the modulus of a material is less investigated. Here the authors demonstrate a lubrication regulating strategy and prototype based on thermally triggered changes of the modulus of a hydrogel.
Journal Article
Dietary taurine incorporation to high plant protein-based diets improved growth, biochemical, immunity, and antioxidants biomarkers of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.)
Plant protein (PP) sources are generally used in high levels in fish diets. Mostly, PP sources are deficient in taurine; hence, there is a need for its supplementation to fish fed high PP diets. Therefore, effects of dietary taurine were examined on growth performance, feed utilization, immunity, and antioxidant parameters of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.). Fish (10.3 ± 0.4 g) were fed on diets (40% crude protein) containing different taurine levels of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, or 40 g/kg diet for 12 weeks. Fish fed a taurine-free diet (the control) with high PP sources showed poor growth as compared with these fed taurine-enriched diets where taurine stimulatory effects were observed on fish growth and feed intake. Feed conversion ratio and fish survival rate were not significantly differed among different treatments. Fish fed taurine-enriched diets showed also higher levels of serum glucose, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine over that fed the control diet. Furthermore, lysozyme and respiratory burst activities as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly elevated in fish fed taurine-enriched diets (P < 0.05) and their highest levels were observed in fish fed 30 g/kg diet. Additionally, taurine deposition in fish muscles was positively correlated with dietary taurine levels (P < 0.05). The present study concludes that taurine is a limiting factor for growth, immunity, and antioxidants responses of African catfish fed high PP-based diets and it should be incorporated in its diets with an optimum level of 20 g/kg diet.
Journal Article
Comprehensive mitogenomic insights into Hemibagrus velox endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia and its phylogenetic relationships within the Bagridae lineage
Background
The Bagridae (Actinopteri: Siluriformes) catfish
Hemibagrus velox
, endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, raises critical taxonomic concerns due to limited molecular evidence. Recent advances in mitogenomic approaches offer a robust framework for resolving such ambiguities. Accordingly, the present study aims to characterize the complete mitogenome of
H. velox
and to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of gene structure and variation among its congeners, as well as to evaluate its phylogenetic position within the broader bagrid lineage.
Results
The current investigation reveals the mitogenome of
H. velox
(16,512 bp), comprising 37 genes, a non-coding control region (CR), an overall A + T bias of 58.09%, eleven intergenic spacers, and six overlapping regions. Most protein-coding genes (PCGs) in
Hemibagrus
species initiated translation with the standard ATG start codon, except for the
COI
gene (GTG). The amino acid composition analysis exhibited a high frequency of leucine, serine, and arginine residues, whereas methionine and tryptophan were the least abundant. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions indicated strong purifying selection acting on the PCGs across
Hemibagrus
species. The secondary structure of 21 transfer RNAs showed the typical cloverleaf structure, except for
tRNA-Ser
(S1). The comparative analysis of conserved sequence blocks within the CR among eight
Hemibagrus
species established variation in length and nucleotide composition, with tandem repeats exclusively found in
H. guttatus
within the extended termination-associated sequence region. The phylogenetic analyses employing Bayesian inference, Maximum-likelihood, and Neighbor-joining methods demonstrated that
Hemibagrus
is a non-monophyletic group within the family Bagridae.
Conclusions
Collectively, this study provides a detailed genetic characterization of
H. velox
and its seven congeners. The inferred matrilineal evolutionary pattern further strengthens earlier hypotheses regarding the delineation of genera within the broader Bagridae lineage. Furthermore, the findings underscore the urgent need to expand mitogenomic datasets for other bagrid catfishes to enhance the resolution of their systematics, evolutionary relationships, and biogeographic interpretations, thereby facilitating evidence-based conservation efforts and effective fisheries management.
Journal Article
Effects of dietary lysine, methionine, and tryptophan on regulating GH-IGF system and modulation of inflammatory and immune response in Pangasius bocourti
The present study assessed the effects of methionine, lysine, and tryptophan on the growth performance, amino acid composition, and immune-related gene expression of basa catfish ( Pangasius bocourti ). Fish (n = 260; initial weight = 10.00 ± 1.00 g) were fed eight isonitrogenous (30%) diets, each containing different combinations of tryptophan (Trp), methionine (Met), and lysine (Lys) (A0: no amino acids, A1: Trp, A2: Lys, A3: Met, A4: Trp + Met, A5: Lys + Trp, A6: Met + Lys, A7: Lys + Trp + Met, 6 g/kg each) for 10 weeks. The experiment consisted of eight treatments, each with three replicates (n = 15/replicate). After the 10-week feeding trial, the fish were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mL of Streptococcus iniae for a 14-day bacterial challenge. Following the feeding trial and bacterial challenge, growth parameters, insulin-like growth factor-I, haematological profile, blood biochemistry, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 revealed that amino acid supplementation significantly improved both growth and immune response in all treatments except A0. Significant differences were observed in crude protein and amino acid profiles across treatments. Interleukin-10 levels were significantly elevated in all treatments except in the positive control (+ve A0). Compared to the positive control, interleukin-6 levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in all treatments. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity increased in response to the bacterial challenge, while malondialdehyde levels gradually decreased. The A7 diet (Lys + Trp + Met: 6 g/kg) yielded the most favourable results, enhancing the immune response, which may further support the commercial production of Pangasius bocourti .
Journal Article
Cryptic diversity in Astroblepus (Siluriformes: Astroblepidae): Integrative taxonomy reveals evolutionary complexity in the Esmeraldas River Basin, Ecuador
Astroblepus is a genus of endemic Andean catfishes with problematic taxonomy because of cryptic diversity, ambiguous historical descriptions, and morphological plasticity. This study applied an integrative taxonomy approach-combining DNA barcoding (COI gene), geometric morphometrics, and traditional morphological characters-to assess the species diversity within the genus Astroblepus in the Esmeraldas River basin (Ecuador), where five species are currently recognized. A total of 395 specimens were analyzed (386 for morphometrics, 33 for genetics), integrating both new and publicly available sequences. The molecular analysis delimited seven evolutionary lineages, exceeding previously known diversity. The validity of A. eigenmanni and A. fissidens was confirmed; a possible synonym between A. mindoensis and A. theresiae was suggested, and A. aff. mindoensis was recovered as their sister group. Within A. cyclopus we identified two cryptic lineages (5.6% divergence), and two new lineages (Astroblepus sp. and A. aff. mindoensis) were discovered, characterized by distinct morphometric autapomorphies. Geometric morphometrics revealed four morphological clusters, with significant segregation between A. cyclopus and Astroblepus sp., but overlap within more complex groups. Altitudinal distribution and isolation among sub-basins may be drivers of divergence. These results reveal an underestimated diversity in the basin, highlighting the need for formal taxonomic revisions, sampling in unexplored areas, and urgent conservation strategies considering habitat fragmentation.
Journal Article