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Abstract The potential of effective microorganisms in composting animal manure might be significant. This work aimed at isolating promising microbial strains for composting cattle and horse manure. A total of forty-five isolates have been isolated from soils of Northern Kazakhstan as well as cattle and horse manure. These microorganisms were extensively studied for their cellulose-degrading capacity, non-pathogenicity, protease, nitrogenase and catalase activities, as well as their growth stimulation, antagonistic ability, and growth rate. As a result, 21 potent strains were selected and genotyped for the creation of microbial consortia. These consortia were then used in small-scale composting experiments with cattle and horse manure. Further studies evaluated the effectiveness of the composting process and the quality of the compost produced. The study yielded promising results, identifying effective microbial strains that could enhance the composting of horse and cattle manure. Resumo O potencial de microrganismos eficazes na compostagem de esterco animal pode ser significativo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar cepas microbianas promissoras para compostagem de esterco de gado e cavalo. Um total de 45 isolados foi obtido a partir de solos do norte do Cazaquistão, bem como de esterco de gado e cavalos. Esses microrganismos foram amplamente estudados por sua capacidade de degradação de celulose, não patogenicidade, atividades de protease, nitrogenase e catalase, bem como sua estimulação de crescimento, capacidade antagônica e taxa de crescimento. Como resultado, 21 cepas potentes foram selecionadas e genotipadas para a criação de consórcios microbianos. Esses consórcios foram então usados em experimentos de compostagem em pequena escala com esterco de gado e cavalo. Estudos posteriores avaliaram a eficácia do processo de compostagem e a qualidade do composto produzido. O estudo produziu resultados promissores, identificando cepas microbianas eficazes que podem melhorar a compostagem de esterco de cavalo e gado.

Cattle manure or its digestate, which often contains antibiotic residues, can be used as an organic fertilizer and copper (Cu) as a fungicide in agriculture. Consequently, both antibiotics and Cu are considered soil contaminants. In this work, microcosms were performed with soil amended with either manure or digestate with Cu and an antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole, SMX) co-presence and the planting of Lactuca sativa . After the addition of the organic amendments, a prompt increase in the microbial activity and at the same time of the sul1 and intI1 genes was observed, although ARGs generally decreased over time. In the amended and spiked microcosms, the microbial community was able to remove more than 99% of SMX in 36 days and the antibiotic did not bioaccumulate in the lettuce. Interestingly, where Cu and SMX were co-present, ARGs (particularly sul2 ) increased, showing how copper had a strong effect on resistance persistence in the soil. Copper also had a detrimental effect on the plant-microbiome system, affecting plant biomass and microbial activity in all conditions except in a digestate presence. When adding digestate microbial activity, biodiversity and lettuce biomass increased, with or without copper present. Not only did the microbial community favour plant growth, but lettuce also positively influenced its composition by increasing bacterial diversity and classes (e.g., Alphaproteobacteria ) and genera (e.g., Bacillus ), thus indicating a good-quality soil. Key points •  Cattle digestate promoted the highest microbial activity, diversity, and plant growth •  Cattle digestate counteracted detrimental contaminant effects •  Cu presence promoted antibiotic cross-resistance in soil Graphical Abstract

Manure from food-producing animals, rich in antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), poses significant environmental and healthcare risks. Despite global efforts, most manure is not adequately processed before use on fields, escalating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study examined how different cattle manure treatments, including composting and storage, affect its microbiome and resistome. The changes occurring in the microbiome and resistome of the treated manure samples were compared with those of raw samples by high-throughput qPCR for ARGs tracking and sequencing of the V3–V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene to indicate bacterial community composition. We identified 203 ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in raw manure. Post-treatment reduced these to 76 in composted and 51 in stored samples. Notably, beta-lactam, cross-resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), and vancomycin resistance genes decreased, while genes linked to MGEs, integrons, and sulfonamide resistance increased after composting. Overall, total resistance gene abundance significantly dropped with both treatments. During composting, the relative abundance of genes was lower midway than at the end. Moreover, higher biodiversity was observed in samples after composting than storage. Our current research shows that both composting and storage effectively reduce ARGs in cattle manure. However, it is challenging to determine which method is superior, as different groups of resistance genes react differently to each treatment, even though a notable overall reduction in ARGs is observed.

Liquid hog manure (LHM) and solid cattle manure (SCM) are valuable soil amendments for the nutrients and organic matter they augment. However, desire to mitigate the N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes attendant with their use has led to the question of whether biochar co-applied with LHM and SCM could mitigate these greenhouse gas fluxes. A split-plot design was used at two agricultural field sites with contrasting soil types (Brown Chernozem and Black Vertisol) in Saskatchewan, Canada, to assess the effect of LHM and SCM (100 kg N ha−1), alone and in combination with two different biochars applied at 8 Mg C ha−1; produced using either slow or fast pyrolysis of willow (Salix spp.) feedstock. Intact cores were collected from the plots and the N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes were measured during a 6-week (42 days) lab incubation. The impact of manure amendment on greenhouse gas fluxes, was more apparent with LHM than SCM; reflecting higher inorganic N content, narrower C:N, and more easily mineralizable carbon in LHM. Co-applying biochar with the manure sources reduced the manure-related N2O emissions 31.5 to 43.1% and increased CH4 consumption 94.1% to 2.1 × compared with manure alone. Regardless of soil type, neither biochar co-applied with the manures affected the net CO2 fluxes compared with manure alone. The N2O emissions were principally influenced by the impact of biochar addition on NO3-N supply and pH, while the net CO2 fluxes were controlled by the opposing effects of heterotrophic (i.e., CO2 production) and postulated autotrophic (i.e., CO2 consumption) respiration. The CH4 consumption was related to the NH4-N supply and its influence on autotrophic methanotrophy.

Background The rapid expansion of China’s livestock industry presents environmental challenges and opportunities for utilizing livestock manure as a fertilizer. This study investigates microbial community characteristics at various soil depths in areas treated with cattle manure, comparing the effects of short- (1 year) and long- (10 years) term manure application. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 100 cm depths at a model ranch in Inner Mongolia and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, the neutral community model, and non-metric multidimensional scaling. Results Short-term manure application caused rapid changes in the microbial community structure, with increased abundances of genera, such as Antarcticibacterium and Nitrilinuptor . Long-term application resulted in improved community structure and increased abundance of crucial microbes, including Bradyrhizobium and Nocardioides , which enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium cycling. Manure application also boosted the microbial metabolic activities and soil organic matter accumulation, improving soil fertility and ecosystem stability. Conclusions The findings emphasize the significance of optimizing manure application strategies for sustainable agriculture, with long-term application stabilizing microbial communities and enhancing nutrient cycling efficiency and short-term application providing immediate fertility benefits. Future research should explore long-term dynamics and compare different organic fertilizers to develop effective soil management practices.

Phosphorus, a limiting element, is essential for living organisms, but the total amount available is decreasing with its increasing use. This problem can be solved by studying the methods of phosphorus recovery from waste. Phosphorus (P 2 O 5 , 13.75%) is abundantly present in cattle manure bottom ash (CMBA), indicating its potential as a source for phosphorus recovery. Herein, phosphorus recovery from CMBA was investigated by acid extraction and precipitation methods. The optimum concentration of sulfuric acid for extraction was 1.4 M, which eluted approximately 90% of the phosphorus contained in CMBA. In the precipitation method, sodium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH, CaSiO 3 ∙nH 2 O) were used to adjust the solution pH to 4 and 8, where more than 99% of the eluted phosphorus was recovered when the pH was adjusted to 8 using CSH alone. The chemical composition and crystal forms of the recovered precipitates were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence and an X-ray powder diffractometer. The results indicated monetite and brushite were the main crystal forms of precipitates at pH 4, and struvite, hydroxyapatite, and tricalcium phosphate were the main crystal forms at pH 8. The availability of phosphorus in the precipitates was also evaluated by quinoline gravimetric analysis using water and 2% citric acid, and the water-soluble precipitate was less than 35%, whereas it ranged from 65 to 97% in 2% citric acid. This study suggests that CMBA can be used as a promising source to recover phosphorus via acid extraction and precipitation processes.

A field experiment in RCBD design was carried out in the College of Agric. Engine. SCI./The University of Baghdad. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer (as three levels of sheep and cattle manure) on the leaf content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, of three citrus species, lemon ( Citrus limon L.), sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis L.) and, mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ), grafted on Sour orange ( Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock. Results indicated that lemon trees grafted on Citrus aurantium were the most responsive to organic fertilization and the accumulation of most of the macro and micro elements, followed by orange trees grafted on the same rootstock, while it was noted that mandarin trees grafted on Citrus aurantium were the least responsive among the three types, In addition, sheep manure was efficient in providing plants with N, K, Ca, and Mg elements, while cattle manure was the most efficient in providing plants with P, Fe, Zn, and Mn nutrients.

The maturity degree of organic fertilizer affects its application effect, but this application effect difference and the underlying reasons for it remain largely unclear. This study explored the effects of cattle manure compost with different maturities on soybean yield, soil physicochemical properties, and biological properties, and the underlying reasons for the differences in the application effects of organic fertilizers with different maturities. The results showed that the T21d treatment (GI = 62.5%, germination index) had the optimal effect on increasing soybean yield, and its effect on improving basic soil physicochemical properties, active organic matter components, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity was the most obvious. Compared with the control (CK), the soybean yield was increased by 15.1% under T21d treatment, and the soil organic matter (OM), alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents were increased by 29.9%, 25.0%, 22.2%, and 8.4%, respectively; the dissolved organic matter (DOM), extractable humus (HE), humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA) contents in the soil were increased by 96.5%, 22.6%, 16.7%, and 30.6%, respectively; and the activities of soil phosphatase, neutral protease, urease, and cellulase were increased by 45.4%, 164.1%, 33.9%, and 128.9%, respectively. However, the fertilizer efficiency under the T28d, T45d, and T60d treatments with high-maturity organic fertilizers was lower than that under T21d. In general, the appropriate maturity of organic fertilizers has a positive effect on soil improvement and yield increase, but the excessive maturity of organic fertilizers reduces their application effects.

One of the most important techniques for converting complex organic waste into renewable energy in the form of biogas and effluent is anaerobic digestion. Several issues have been raised related to the effectiveness of the anaerobic digestion process in recent years. Hence nanoparticles (NPs) have been used widely in anaerobic digestion process for converting organic wastes into useful biogas and effluent in an effective way. This review addresses the knowledge gaps and summarizes recent researchers’ findings concentrating on the stability and effluent quality of the cattle manure anaerobic digestion process using single and combinations nanoparticle. In summary, the utilization of NPs have beneficial effects on CH 4 production, process optimization, and effluent quality. Their function, as key nutrient providers, aid in the synthesis of key enzymes and co-enzymes, and thus stimulate anaerobic microorganism activities when present at an optimum concentration (e.g., Fe NPs 100 mg/L; Ni NPs 2 mg/L; Co NPs 1 mg/L). Furthermore, utilizing Fe NPs at concentrations higher than 100 mg/L is more effective at reducing H 2 S production than increasing CH 4 , whereas Ni NPs and Co NPs at concentrations greater than 2 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively, reduce CH 4 production. Effluent with Fe and Ni NPs showed stronger fertilizer values more than Co NPs. Fe/Ni/Co NP combinations are more efficient in enhancing CH 4 production than single NPs. Therefore, it is possible to utilize NPs combinations as additives to improve the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion. Article highlights Single NPs (e.g., Fe, Ni, and Co NPs) in low concentrations are more effective in increasing CH 4 production than reducing H 2 S production. Optimal Fe, Ni, and Co NP concentrations enhance anaerobic digestion process performance. Addition of Fe, Ni, and Co NPs above tolerated concentration causes irreversible inhibition in anaerobic digestion. Effluent with Fe, Ni, and Co NPs showed stronger fertilizer values. Nanoparticle combinations are more effective for increasing the CH 4 production than signal NPs.

The application of manure-derived biochar offers an alternative to avoid the direct application of manure to soil causing greenhouse gas emission. Soil fauna, especially earthworms, can markedly stimulate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from soil. This study therefore investigated the effect of cattle manure biochar (added at rates of 0, 2%, or 10%, coded as BC0, BC2 and BC10, respectively) application, with or without earthworm Aporrectodea turgida , on emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O and changes of physic-chemical properties of agricultural and forest soils in a laboratory incubation experiment. The BC10 treatment significantly enhanced cumulative CO 2 emissions by 27.9% relative to the untreated control in the agricultural soil. On the contrary, the BC2 and BC10 treatments significantly reduced cumulative CO 2 emissions by 16.3%–61.1% and N 2 O emissions by 92.9%–95.1% compared to the untreated control in the forest soil. The addition of earthworm alone significantly enhanced the cumulative CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes in agricultural and forest soils. Cumulative CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes were significantly increased when BC2 and BC10 were applied with earthworm in the agricultural soil, but were significantly reduced when BC10 was applied with earthworm in the forest soil. Our study demonstrated that biochar application interacted with earthworm to affect CO 2 and N 2 O emissions, which were also dependent on the soil type involved. Our study suggests that manure biochar application rate and use of earthworm need to be carefully studied for specific soil types to maximize the climate change mitigation potential of such management practices.