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"Cement -- Additives"
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Smart cement : development, testing, modeling and real-time monitoring
\"Smart cement is a chemo-thermo-piezoresistive material that functions as a highly sensing 3-dimensional bulk sensor. It can be used for monitoring changes oflectrical resistivity in concrete by the addition of 0.03% of selected conductive or semi-conductive fibers are added to the bulk cement\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes
This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on new developments in alkali-activation.The main binder of concrete, Portland cement, represents almost 80% of the total CO2 emissions of concrete which are about 6 to 7% of the Planet's total CO2 emissions.
eBook
Durability Assessment for Mortar Containing LDH Additives
This study investigates the potential of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) as additives to improve the durability and physical properties of cement-based mortars, with a focus on freeze-thaw resistance. Three LDH types—MgAl-LDH, CaAl-LDH, and ZnAl-LDH—were synthesized and incorporated into mortar at a 1/1000 w/w ratio. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WDXRF) were used to characterize the LDHs, and the effects of the additives on mortar density, water absorption, and durability under 30 freeze-thaw cycles were examined. Results revealed that MgAl-LDH provided the best freeze-thaw resistance, likely due to its smaller crystallite size and enhanced cement hydration. CaAl-LDH offered moderate improvements, while ZnAl-LDH negatively impacted the mortar’s mechanical integrity, leading to higher degradation. The study demonstrates the potential of LDH additives—particularly MgAl-LDH—in improving the durability of cementitious materials, although further optimization is required to enhance long-term performance and resistance to environmental stresses.
Journal Article
Influence of Permeability-Reducing Admixtures on Water Penetration in Concrete
An experimental investigation was carried out on concrete into the effectiveness of integral permeability-reducing admixtures as possible alternatives to the traditional external waterproofers. The efficiency of hydrophobic water repellents and crystalline pore blockers were evaluated in concretes incorporating fixed water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) and different cementitious material types covering OPC, fly ash, and granulated blast-furnace slag. Three different test methods were employed to evaluate the water penetration resistance of concrete. To isolate the benefits that are achieved by varying the mixture design parameters, statistical factorial analysis of variances was carried out to discover the significance of each variable. Results indicated that the effect of w/cm and cementitious material is more pronounced compared to the addition of permeability-reducing admixtures. It was also demonstrated that the admixtures can be effective in reducing water penetration; however, their effect is varied in different mixtures. Caution must be exercised when using such admixtures in different concrete mixtures. Keywords: absorption; ANOVA; chemical admixture; permeability; permeability-reducing admixture; water penetration.
Journal Article
Characterisation of domestically discarded vegetable waste biomass ash and silica sand mixed with ordinary Portland cement concrete
The effect of replacing cement with domestically discarded vegetable waste biomass ash (WA) and manufactured sand (M-sand) with silica sand with various combinations of fresh, hardened and microstructural properties of concrete has been investigated. The primary objective of this research is to prepare an eco-friendly cement concrete for safe environmental construction applications. Three grades of concrete, namely M30, M45 and M60 are reported in this study for which Portland cement was partially replaced by WA as 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Similarly, manufactured sand was replaced by silica sand as 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Various experiments are used to study the chemical and microstructural properties of raw cement, WA, manufactured sand and silica sand samples, as well as the mechanical properties of concrete blends. The WA along with silica sand with an equal replacement up to 10% increased the strength properties in comparison with the control mixture. The microstructure of the concrete blends revealed a more polished and packed pore structure. These partially replaced cement structures could be used as source material for low-strength pre-casted reinforced concrete (RCC) structures, slabs, manhole covers and paver blocks.
Journal Article
Effect of furfural residue ash (FRA) as additive on Portland cement and magnesium oxysulfate cement
The global production of furfural generates substantial amounts of furfural residue waste annually, which, if not properly managed, can lead to significant environmental pollution. However, the ash produced from the combustion of this biomass waste shows promise as a cement additive, offering an innovative solution for furfural residue management. In this study, ash obtained from the combustion of furfural residue in industrial boilers was used as an additive in both Portland cement and magnesium oxysulfate cement, with concentrations ranging from 5% to 20%. Mortar specimens were then prepared and tested for compressive and flexural strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. The results indicated that at a 10 wt% addition, the formation of cotton-like structures and ettringite needles was most pronounced, resulting in the highest compressive and flexural strengths in the Portland cement specimens. Similarly, in magnesium oxysulfate cement, a 10 wt% ash addition significantly promoted the formation of the 5·1·7 phase, leading to the highest compressive strength. In summary, under appropriate conditions, furfural residue ash can be effectively utilized as a cement additive, contributing to resource recovery and sustainable waste management.
Journal Article
Characterization of Mortars Incorporating Concrete Washing Fines: Impact on Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Carbon Footprint
This study examines the potential use of wash fines, a waste product from concrete plant cleaning, as supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in mortars. The main objective is to assess the feasibility and benefits of this incorporation in terms of technical performance and environmental impact. Extensive tests were carried out on different mortar formulations, incorporating varying rates of washing fines (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) as a partial replacement for cement. This choice of replacement is prompted by the fineness of washing fine particles. The properties studied included compressive and flexural strength, porosity, density, water absorption, shrinkage and fire resistance. The results show that the incorporation of washing fines increases porosity and decreases mortar density. There was also a decrease in mechanical strength and fire resistance as the substitution rate increased. However, the use of washing fines enables a significant reduction in the mortar’s carbon footprint, reaching up to 29% for the formulation with 30% substitution. This study demonstrates the potential of washing fines as an alternative SCM, as part of a circular economy approach to reducing the environmental impact of the concrete industry. However, it underlines the need to optimize formulations to maintain acceptable technical performance.
Journal Article
Distilled Spirits Lees Ash as Cement Additive
The voluminous generation of distilled spirits lees (DSL) in China presents a challenge for proper disposal and potential environmental pollution. In an effort to address this issue, this study aimed to find a resourceful solution for DSL utilization. The application of incinerated rice husk ash as a mortar supplementary material in cement provides an innovative solution for the disposal of DSL. Five samples of distilled spirits lees ash (DSLA) were produced using both muffle furnace (MF) and fluidized bed (FB) combustion at different temperatures. The properties of DSLA were characterized through measurements of specific surface area and observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mortar specimens were prepared by replacing 10% of cement with DSLA, and strength tests were conducted. The SEM results revealed the crisscross mesh structures in the DSLA samples. Additionally, the findings indicated a strong connection between the specific surface areas and the micromorphology. In this work, all DSLA samples, except for the one produced in FB at 800 °C, could improve compressive and flexural strengths in the prepared mortar specimens and were suitable for employment as cement additives.
Journal Article
Distilled spirits lees ash as cement additive
The voluminous generation of distilled spirits lees (DSL) in China presents a challenge for proper disposal and potential environmental pollution. In an effort to address this issue, this study aimed to find a resourceful solution for DSL utilization. The application of incinerated rice husk ash as a mortar supplementary material in cement provides an innovative solution for the disposal of DSL. Five samples of distilled spirits lees ash (DSLA) were produced using both muffle furnace (MF) and fluidized bed (FB) combustion at different temperatures. The properties of DSLA were characterized through measurements of specific surface area and observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mortar specimens were prepared by replacing 10% of cement with DSLA, and strength tests were conducted. The SEM results revealed the crisscross mesh structures in the DSLA samples. Additionally, the findings indicated a strong connection between the specific surface areas and the micromorphology. In this work, all DSLA samples, except for the one produced in FB at 800 °C, could improve compressive and flexural strengths in the prepared mortar specimens and were suitable for employment as cement additives.
Journal Article
Deformation and Cracking Resistance of MgO-Incorporated Cementitious Material: A Review
In China, MgO-based expansive agent (MEA) has been used for concrete shrinkage compensation and cracking control for over 40 years. The expansive behavior of MEA in cementitious materials could be manipulated to some extent by adjusting the calcination process of MEA and influenced by the restraint condition of the matrix. It is key to investigate the factors related to deformation and cracking resistance so that the desired performance of MEA in certain concrete structures could be achieved. This paper reviews the influence of key parameters such as hydration reactivity, dosage, and calcination conditions of MEA, the water-to-binder ratio, supplementary cementitious material, aggregates, and curing conditions on the deformation and cracking resistivity of cement paste, mortar, and concrete with an MEA addition. The numerical simulation methods and deformation prediction models are then summarized and analyzed for more reasonable estimations.
Journal Article