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Parties often tailor their campaign message differently to different groups of voters with the goal of appealing to a broader electorate with diverse preferences and thereby winning their votes. I argue that the strategy helps a party win votes if it can convince diverse groups of voters that the party is ideologically closer to their preferred positions. Using election data from nine Western European democracies, I first show that parties gain votes when they appeal broadly. Analysis of individual-level survey data suggests that voters perceive broadly appealing parties as ideologically closer to their own positions, a finding that identifies a plausible mechanism behind the aggregate positive effect of this strategy on party election performance. These findings not only help explain the behavior of some European parties, but they may also offer a potential recipe for electoral success in multiparty democracies.

This paper examines the value of connections between German industry and the Nazi movement in early 1933. Drawing on previously unused contemporary sources about management and supervisory board composition and stock returns, we find that one out of seven firms, and a large proportion of the biggest companies, had substantive links with the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Firms supporting the Nazi movement experienced unusually high returns, outperforming unconnected ones by 5% to 8% between January and March 1933. These results are not driven by sectoral composition and are robust to alternative estimators and definitions of affiliation.

Das angekündigte Ausscheiden Kanzlerin Angela Merkels nach der Bundestagswahl 2021 hat, im Zusammenwirken mit den jüngeren Verwerfungen im deutschen Parteiensystem, zu einer prekären und einzigartigen Situation geführt: Zum ersten Mal überhaupt konkurrieren drei Kandidatinnen um die Nachfolge einer ausscheidenden Kandidatin. Die jüngsten Entwicklungen, darunter insbesondere die Nominierung der ersten grünen Kanzlerkandidatin und die schweren .Auseinandersetzungen innerhalb der CDU/CSU, waren bereits für sich betrachtet bemerkenswert. Die vorliegende Bestandsaufnahme rückt diese Entwicklungen in Perspektive, indem sie die Vorkommnisse der ersten 150 Tage des Wahljahres 2021 mit historischen Entwicklungen und ausgewählten Befunden aus der Vergleichenden Politikwissenschaft konfrontiert.

With the growth of knowledge and increasing competition, the assessment of scientific articles has become a challenging issue. Previous research suggests that multiple variables influence the number of academic articles. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the beginning of chancellorship in top-ranked universities and the number of chancellors’ articles. Chancellors of 200 top universities worldwide were randomly selected from the top 1,000 universities listed on the topuniversities.com profile page. Data were collected through the Scopus Database using a checklist that contained variables such as gender, age, being active or nonactive, and continent. The mean number of articles during the period of three years before the beginning of the chancellorship until three years after that was compared using the Friedman test. Considering the starting point of the chancellorship, the data showed that the mean number of published articles per year decreased significantly after beginning the chancellorship. Among the chancellors, active chancellors (having a minimum of one article each year), male chancellors, and those from North America indicated a decrease in the number of publications. A major limitation was that in some universities, governance falls under vice-chancellor(s) rather than chancellor (s). The study underscores the difficulty of balancing administrative responsibilities, such as university chancellorship, with academic pursuits. For the first time, the results revealed that beginning chancellorship negatively impacts publication output.

René-Nicolas de Maupeou was the last Chancellor of France before the French Revolution. At the end of the reign of Louis XV, in 1771, he carried out a judicial reform that weakened the political importance of parlements and temporarily strengthened the king’s position. However, this led to the radicalisation of social moods and, in the long run, may have accelerated the fall of the monarchy. Maupeou was a controversial figure, hated by many, but he was also a great politician, hard-working, energetic and strong-willed.

Keir Starmer’s Labour Party has won Britain’s general election with a monumental landslide. Is a massive majority good for the country?

PurposeUniversities claim to provide many benefits to their context. What remains less clear is what is meant by context. Whatever it is, context is fundamental to decision-making. Understanding what context means is crucial to understanding leadership in higher education.Design/methodology/approachTheoretically informed by Eacott's relational approach, this study is based on interview data from a purposive sample of ten English vice-chancellors and nine Canadian university presidents. Transcripts were analysed for the assumptions participants held regarding the work of universities and how that played out in practice.FindingsContext is not an external variable engaged with or acted upon. It is not separate to leadership and the work of universities but is constitutive of and emergent from activities. There is no single definition of context, and this has major implications for university activities.Research limitations/implicationsContext(s) is based on assumptions. Making explicit the assumptions of participants, without pre-defining them, is a key task of research on leadership in higher education.Practical implicationsLeaders need to explicitly articulate their assumptions regarding the work of universities. Assessment should be based on the coherence between the espoused position and activities undertaken.Originality/valueThrough the emerging resources of relational scholarship, this paper demonstrates how context is constitutive of and emergent from the activities of universities. More than novel vocabulary, the paper makes a fundamental point about the generative nature of context. De-centring entities (e.g. university, leader, context) and focusing on relations our approach provide a path forward by encouraging the articulation of intended purpose(s) and perspective on the work of universities.

Aim A widespread outbreak of COVID‐19 is followed by adverse effects on the mental health of the general population. Therefore, this study is an audit to investigate the activities of various organizations during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Methods The aim of the study was to collect the data, the relevant officials in various organizations and units were contacted to collect the statistics of actions taken in psychology and psychiatry wards. Moreover, databases such as Google Scholar and Iranian resources were searched. Results According to the results, different healthcare systems worked in parallel during the peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. For example, Mazandaran University of Medical Science [MAZUMS] Health Vice‐Chancellor performed the following activities during this crisis: establishing a virtual crisis management working group, holding a provincial educational committee to train the crisis management teams, organizing virtual psychological intervention teams in the healthcare systems, and so forth. In addition, the mental health activities by Mazandaran Welfare Organization during the COVID‐19 outbreak included providing hostelry free psychological counseling, quarantine boarding and rehabilitation centers, and providing harm prevention protocols of COVID‐19, especially for marginalized regions. In the third level of medical centers, including hospitals, consultation‐liaison psychiatry or psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, therapeutic interventions for comorbid psychiatric disorders with COVID‐19 disease, and online workshops for mental health were conducted to reduce burnout of medical staff and nurses. Conclusion This study can provide a good guideline for different service providers by using the experiences of other centers to achieve better results. Different healthcare systems worked in parallel during the peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Mazandaran University of Medical Science [MAZUMS] Health Vice‐Chancellor and Mazandaran Welfare Organization performed different activities during this crisis. In the third level of medical centers, including hospitals, consultation‐liaison psychiatry, or psychiatrists performed therapeutic interventions for comorbid psychiatric disorders with the COVID‐19 disease.

Germany has traditionally played a key role in promoting European Union solutions to domestic policy problems. In doing so it gained a reputation as a 'tamed power' (Katzenstein). This article reviews Germany's diplomacy two decades after unification. It explores the 'tamed power' hypothesis with reference to three policy areas: constitutional reform in the EU; Justice and Home Affairs policy; and an issue that has made German European policy very salient of late, the management of the Eurozone. The article argues that Germany has become a much less inclusive actor in European policy, pursuing policy solutions through ' pioneer groups' where these offer greater promise than the EU itself and becoming increasingly attentive to domestic political constraints. The article argues that Germany has become a normalized power, with significant implications for the EU.

Applying a critical gendered lens, this article examines academic leadership ideals. It draws on a content analysis of job advertisements for Vice-Chancellors at Swedish higher education institutions from 1990 until 2018. The aim of the article is to investigate to what extent masculine or feminine wordings have been used to describe the ideal Vice-Chancellor in these documents. The analysis reveals that a shift in the leadership ideal has taken place during the time period investigated. Before this shift, during the 1990s, the ideal Vice-Chancellor was described as competitive, bold, strong, tough, decisive, driven, and assertive. These wordings are still included in the job advertisements from the 2000s and the 2010s. However, a more communicative and collaborative leadership ideal also emerges during these decades. There is thus a significant shift in how the leadership ideal is described. This shift is analyzed from a gendered perspective, suggesting that the traditional masculine-biased leadership ideal has decreased in influence with the feminine, transformational leadership ideal acting as a counterweight. The article argues that the shift in leadership ideals, as constructed in the job advertisements, mirrors the increase of women Vice-Chancellors appointed in the Swedish higher education sector.