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The discovery of anesthesia occurred during a narrow time span in the mid-19th century, but there is no agreement about who deserves credit for this important American contribution to medicine. Based mostly on an examination of primary sources, we explore how formal and informal interactions between the principals affected their careers, lives, and attribution of credit for the discovery of anesthesia. There should be no controversy as to which individual deserves credit for the discovery of anesthesia if credit is ascribed for specific contributions. We suggest that credit for the discovery of anesthesia be divided among 4 individuals who played specific roles. Crawford W. Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, Horace Wells introduced nitrous oxide for pain relief during dental surgery, and William T. G. Morton gave the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia and spread the word about its efficacy. Charles T. Jackson suggested the use of ether as an anesthetic agent to Morton. We also assert that had these individuals not known one another, the discovery of anesthesia would have proceeded in approximately the same timeframe, but Wells, Morton, and Jackson would have enjoyed more productive careers as well as longer, more peaceful lives.

Background The first true demonstration of ether as an inhalation anesthetic was on October 16, 1846 by William T.G. Morton, a Boston dentist. Ether has been replaced completely by newer inhalation agents and open drop delivery systems have been exchanged for complicated vaporizers and monitoring systems. Anesthesia in the developing world, however, where lack of financial stability has halted the development of the field, still closely resembles primitive anesthetics. Discussion In areas where resources are scarce, patients are often not given supplemental intraoperative analgesia. While halothane provides little analgesia, ether provides excellent intra-operative pain control that can extend for several hours into the postoperative period. An important barrier to the widespread use of ether is availability. With decreasing demand, production of the inexpensive inhalation agent has fallen. Summary Ether is inexpensive to manufacture, and encouraging increased production at a local level would help developing nations to cut costs and become more self-sufficient.

McCarthy discusses the role of James Joyce's \"Dubliners\" in Charles Jackson's \"The Lost Weekend.\" Few novels have made the transition from book to screenplay as quickly and successfully as \"The Lost Weekend.\"

Predeceased by her husband, James N. Scott; Survived by 6 sons, James (Patricia) Scott of TX, Sam (Shirley) Scott, Sherman (Sonia Crosdale) Scott all of Rochester, Nathaniel (Cathy) Scott of SC., Gerald (Elsa) Scott of GA., Gary (Wendy) Scott; 2 daughters, Cassandra (Richard) Hendricks all of Rochester and Theresa Scott of VA.; 20 grand; 9 great-grandchildren; 5 brothers, Wesley (Mae) Jackson, Calvin Jackson, Charles (Juanita), Wendell Jackson, Brian K. Jackson; 6 sisters, Thomasina (James) Fullwood, Ophelia Jackson, Florine Terry, Norvaleen (Rev. Ronald) Ferguson, Queens, NY, Brenda (John) Myzick of S.C. and Joann (William) McMillen of Rochester; nieces, nephews; other relatives, church family and friends.

[...]after Cheever, I was really fried, and I wanted to do a less ambitious book. Because it was such a worldwide phenomenon -- it swept the Oscars -- that it ended up supplanting the novel as a cultural artifact. [...]he wrote a wonderful short-story collection. Because he wrote everything stoned out of his gourd, it's obviously not of the same quality as \"The Lost Weekend.\"