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"Chemical process control Computer programs."
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Using Surrogate Parameters to Enhance Monitoring of Community Wastewater Management System Performance for Sustainable Operations
Community wastewater management systems (CWMS) are small-scale wastewater treatment systems typically in regional and rural areas with less sophisticated treatment processes and often managed by local governments or communities. Research and industrial applications have demonstrated that online UV-Vis sensors have great potential for improving wastewater monitoring and treatment processes. Existing studies on the development of surrogate parameters with models from spectral data for wastewater were largely limited to lab-based. In contrast, industrial applications of these sensors have primarily targeted large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), leaving a gap in research for small-scale WWTPs. This paper demonstrates the suitability of using a field-based online UV-Vis sensor combined with advanced data analytics for CWMSs as an early warning for process upset to support sustainable operations. An industry case study is provided to demonstrate the development of surrogate monitoring parameters for total suspended solids (TSSs) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the UV-Vis spectral data from an online UV-Vis sensor. Absorbances at a wavelength of 625 nm (UV625) and absorbances at a wavelength of 265 nm (UV265) were identified as surrogate parameters to measure TSSs and COD, respectively. This study contributes to the improvement of WWTP performance with a continuous monitoring system by developing a process monitoring framework and optimization strategy.
Journal Article
Determination of the grinding force on optical glass based on a diamond wheel with an ordered arrangement of abrasive grains
Owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties, such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and low density, optical glass is widely used in high-tech fields such as aviation, aerospace, and national defense; however, the grinding force during the processing of optical glass seriously affects the surface quality. Therefore, in the present paper, a mathematical model of the grinding force of diamond wheels with the ordered arrangement of abrasive grains on optical glass materials is established. The influences of the grinding wheel landform layout parameters and processing technology on the grinding force are discussed. The results of theoretical analysis and experimental research show that the ordered arrangement of abrasive grains can effectively reduce the grinding force. The values predicted by the model are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the established mathematical model can provide theoretical guidance for the optimization of parameters in the processing process.
Journal Article
Relaxations and discretizations for the pooling problem
The pooling problem is a folklore NP-hard global optimization problem that finds applications in industries such as petrochemical refining, wastewater treatment and mining. This paper assimilates the vast literature on this problem that is dispersed over different areas and gives new insights on prevalent techniques. We also present new ideas for computing dual bounds on the global optimum by solving high-dimensional linear programs. Finally, we propose discretization methods for inner approximating the feasible region and obtaining good primal bounds. Valid inequalities are derived for the discretized models, which are formulated as mixed integer linear programs. The strength of our relaxations and usefulness of our discretizations is empirically validated on random test instances. We report best known primal bounds on some of the large-scale instances.
Journal Article
Gas fermentation: cellular engineering possibilities and scale up
Low carbon fuels and chemicals can be sourced from renewable materials such as biomass or from industrial and municipal waste streams. Gasification of these materials allows all of the carbon to become available for product generation, a clear advantage over partial biomass conversion into fermentable sugars. Gasification results into a synthesis stream (syngas) containing carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO
2
), hydrogen (H
2
) and nitrogen (N
2
). Autotrophy–the ability to fix carbon such as CO
2
is present in all domains of life but photosynthesis alone is not keeping up with anthropogenic CO
2
output. One strategy is to curtail the gaseous atmospheric release by developing waste and syngas conversion technologies. Historically microorganisms have contributed to major, albeit slow, atmospheric composition changes. The current status and future potential of anaerobic gas-fermenting bacteria with special focus on acetogens are the focus of this review.
Journal Article
Automating Laboratory Processes by Connecting Biotech and Robotic Devices—An Overview of the Current Challenges, Existing Solutions and Ongoing Developments
The constantly growing interest and range of applications of advanced cell, gene and regenerative therapies raise the need for efficient production of biological material and novel treatment technologies. Many of the production and manipulation processes of such materials are still manual and, therefore, need to be transferred to a fully automated execution. Developers of such systems face several challenges, one of which is mechanical and communication interfaces in biotechnological devices. In the present state, many devices are still designed for manual use and rarely provide a connection to external software for receiving commands and sending data. However, a trend towards automation on the device market is clearly visible, and the communication protocol, Open Platform Communications Data Access (OPC DA), seems to become established as a standard in biotech devices. A rising number of vendors offer software for device control and automated processing, some of which even allow the integration of devices from multiple manufacturers. The high, application-specific need in functionalities, flexibility and adaptivity makes it difficult to find the best solution and, in many cases, leads to the creation of new custom-designed software. This report shall give an overview of existing technologies, devices and software for laboratory automation of biotechnological processes. Furthermore, it presents an outlook for possible future developments and standardizations.
Journal Article
A Software Emulator for the Modelling and Control of an Activated Sludge Process in a Wastewater Treatment Plant
The design and implementation of a simulator, as a real-time application, for a complex process from the biological treatment stage of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), is addressed. More precisely, this emulator was achieved as a software tool that can be later integrated into a more complex SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system of the WWTP Făcăi, Romania. The basic idea is to implement and validate a reduced-order model of the activated sludge process (ASP), initially simulated in the Matlab/Simulink environment (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA). Moreover, an advanced multivariable adaptive control scheme of the ASP is addressed. This software tool can be made to work in parallel with the evolution of the process and can have as input signals measured directly at the process level, possibly following parametric or model adaptations. The software emulator is developed in the LabWindows/CVI programming environment (National Instruments), which offers low-level access to hardware or software systems that have minimal open-architecture facilities. This environment provides versatile drivers and software packages that can facilitate the interaction with software tools developed within some earlier SCADA systems. The structure and the graphical interface of the emulator, some functionalities, experiments, and evolution of main variables are presented.
Journal Article
Enhanced Virtual Reality Plant: Development and Application in Chemical Engineering Education
Over past few decades, constantly emerging technologies have brought a profound transformation for traditional teaching mode. Virtual reality plant (VRP), as an available complement, has been increasingly focused in education field. The paper presents the development and application of an augmented VRP for chemical engineering education. The augmented virtual reality system integrates multi-technologies, such as virtual reality, communication, database and MATLAB. According to investigations, teachers and students are highly satisfied with the platform and give a positive evaluation. 85.1% of students utilize the VRP system more then 8time per month. 87.5% teachers deem that the usage of the system plays a certain role in the cultivation of students' practical ability. The feedbacks reveal that VRP system is expected to become a promising auxiliary tool for the cultivation of practical ability of students.
Journal Article
Model-Based Monitoring of Biotechnological Processes—A Review
The monitoring of the main variables and parameters of biotechnological processes is of key importance for the research and control of the processes, especially in industrial installations, where there is a limited number of measurements. For this reason, many researchers are focusing their efforts on developing appropriate algorithms (software sensors (SS)) to provide reliable information on unmeasurable variables and parameters, based on the available on-line information. In the literature, a large number of developments related to this topic that concern data-based and model-based sensors are presented. Up-to-date reviews of data-driven SS for biotechnological processes have already been presented in the scientific literature. Hybrid software sensors as a combination between the abovementioned ones are under development. This gives a reason for the article to be focused on a review of model-based software sensors for biotechnological processes. The most applied model-based methods for monitoring the kinetics and state variables of these processes are analyzed and compared. The following software sensors are considered: Kalman filters, methods based on estimators and observers of a deterministic type, probability observers, high-gain observers, sliding mode observers, adaptive observers, etc. The comparison is made in terms of their stability and number of tuning parameters. Particular attention is paid to the approach of the general dynamic model. The main characteristics of the classic variant proposed by D. Dochain are summarized. Results related to the development of this approach are analyzed. A key point is the presentation of new formalizations of kinetics and the design of new algorithms for its estimation in cases of uncertainty. The efficiency and applicability of the considered software sensors are discussed.
Journal Article