Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
5,027
result(s) for
"Chewing gum."
Sort by:
The science of sugar confectionery
Since the first edition of The science of sugar confectionery (2000), the confectionery industry has responded to ever-changing consumer habits. This new edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect industry's response to market driven nutrition and dietary concerns, as well as changes in legislation, labelling, and technology. Building on the strengths of the first edition, the author's personal knowledge and experience of the sugar confectionary industry is used to provide a thorough and accessible account of the field. Requiring the reader to have no more than a rudimentary level of chemistry, this book covers the basic definitions and commonly used and new ingredients in the industry, before discussing the various types of sugar confectionery. These include \"sugar glasses\" (boiled sweets), \"grained sugar products\" (fondants), toffees and fudges, \"hydrocolloids\" (gums, pastilles and jellies) and concludes with a new chapter on future outlooks. Featuring expanded coverage of special dietary needs, covering topics such as vegetarianism and veganism, religious requirements, and supplemental products, this new edition reflects current and evolving needs in the sugar confectionery field.
Book
Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Decrease After Smokers Switch to an E-Cigarette or Nicotine Gum
The aerosol composition of electronic cigarettes (ECs) suggests that exposure to toxicants during use is greatly reduced compared to exposure from combustible cigarettes (CCs).
This randomized, parallel-group, clinical study enrolled smokers to switch to Vuse Solo (VS) Digital Vapor Cigarettes (Original or Menthol) or Nicorette 4 mg nicotine gum (NG) in a controlled setting. Subjects who smoked CCs ad libitum for 2 days during a baseline period were then randomized to ad libitum use of either VS or NG for 5 days. Biomarkers of 23 toxicants were measured in 24-hour urine samples and blood collected at baseline and following product switch.
A total of 153 subjects completed the study. Total nicotine equivalents decreased in all groups, but higher levels were observed in the VS groups compared to the NG groups, with decreases of 38% and 60%-67%, respectively. All other biomarkers were significantly decreased in subjects switched to VS, and the magnitude of biomarker decreases was similar to subjects switched to NG. Decreases ranged from 30% to greater than 85% for constituents such as benzene and acrylonitrile.
These results indicate that exposure to toxicants when using VS is significantly reduced compared to CC smoking, and these reductions are similar to those observed with use of NG. Although statistically significantly decreased, nicotine exposure is maintained closer to CC smoking with VS use compared to NG use. This research suggests that use of VS exposes consumers to fewer and lower levels of smoke toxicants than CCs while still providing nicotine to the consumer.
This is the first study to report changes in nicotine delivery and biomarkers of tobacco exposure following a short-term product switch from CCs to either an EC or NG in a controlled environment. The study shows that nicotine exposure decreased in both groups but was maintained closer to CC smoking with the EC groups. Biomarkers of tobacco combustion decreased to similar levels in both EC and gum groups.
Journal Article
Two hot dogs with everything
Although everyone credits him and his superstitions for the Slugger's first winning streak in 108 baseball seasons, eleven-year-old Danny Gurkin believes that his discovery of a secret from the team's past may be the real reason behind the ball club's success.
Book
School-based behavioral intervention to reduce the habit of smokeless tobacco and betel quid use in high-risk youth in Karachi: A randomized controlled trial
There have been recent surges in the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) and betel quid (BQ) chew among adolescents in South East Asian countries, with an increase, on average, of 7% to 15% between 2004 and 2013, necessitating interventional investigations to modify this behavior. The current intervention was aimed towards changing adolescents' perceptions regarding the harmful effects of SLT and BQ use and encouraging them to quit. This randomized control trial involved 2140 adolescents from 26 private and public-sector schools in Karachi, Pakistan. After randomization, 1185 individuals were placed in the intervention group and administered a behavior changing intervention (BCI), while 955 individuals constituted the control group. A generalized estimating equation was employed to measure differences in repeated measures for both groups. The beta coefficients were reported after adjusting the covariates with the 95% confidence interval, and the p-value was considered significant at <0.050. Cohen's d was employed to report the effect size of the intervention. The BCI resulted in a 0.176-unit (95% CI 0.078-0.274, p-value <0.001) increase in knowledge scores regarding the health hazards of SLT and BQ, a 0.141-unit (95% CI 0.090-0.192, p-value <0.001) increase in use perception scores, and a 0.067-unit (95% CI 0.006-0.129, p-value 0.031) increase in quit perception scores in the intervention group compared with those in the control group. A knowledge related module (p-value 0.024) and quit preparation module (p-value 0.005) were found to be helpful by adolescents in either changing their perceptions regarding SLT and/or BQ chew use or in quitting. The role of BCI is promising in improving adolescents' knowledge and changing their perceptions in a positive manner regarding their harmful SLT and BQ use. Convincing results may be achieved if interventions are tailored, with an emphasis on the identification of the products that are used by adolescents in addition to highlighting their ill effects and how students may manage to quit them. If included in the schools' curricula, this BCI method may help in developing schools that are free of SLT and BQ use. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03488095.
Journal Article
Gum
\"James and Danny are on a mission: to get the little silver race car out of the gumball machine at Mr. Wright's store. Only very, very, lucky people get both gumballs and the silver racer. It's a good thing one of James's quarters is a Canadian quarter, which just so happens to be very, very lucky. But is it lucky enough to get him that silver racer?\"--Jacket flap.
Book
Using Nicotine Gum to Assist Nondaily Smokers in Quitting: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Abstract
Introduction
Non-daily intermittent smokers (ITS) comprise 30% of US adult smokers. ITS smoke for nicotine and have trouble quitting, but tend to smoke in particular situations. This study tested the effect of nicotine gum, used to prevent or react to situational temptations, for helping ITS quit.
Methods
ITS (smoking 4–27 days/month) seeking help quitting were randomized to 2 mg nicotine gum (n = 181) or placebo (n = 188), to be used to anticipate or react to temptations to smoke, for 8 weeks. Participants received up to six sessions of behavioral counseling. The primary outcome was 6-month biochemically verified continuous abstinence; analyses also examined 14-day point-prevalence abstinence at multiple time points, and used event-history analyses to assess progression to abstinence, lapsing, and relapsing. Analyses adjusted for group differences in age and baseline smoking, and considered several potential moderators of treatment effects.
Results
Nicotine gum did not significantly improve outcomes on any measure. Biochemically verified 6-month continuous abstinence rates were 7.2% for active gum and 5.3% for placebo (AOR = 1.39, 0.58–3.29, p > .25). ITS with any degree of dependence (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence scores >0) showed poorer outcomes on multiple endpoints, and did more poorly on active gum on some outcomes. Gum use was low, starting at 1 gum per day on average and declining over time.
Conclusions
Nicotine gum (2 mg), used intermittently, did not improve cessation rates among ITS, including those demonstrating some degree of dependence.
Implications
Nicotine replacement has been extensively tested with daily smokers, especially those who smoke relatively heavily. Nondaily smoking is now common, creating a need for treatment for ITS. Despite evidence that ITS’ smoking is motivated by nicotine-seeking, a theoretically and empirically derived situational approach to using acute nicotine replacement was not successful at helping ITS quit. Gum use was low; whether higher or more frequent dosing is needed, or whether an entirely different approach is needed, is not clear. Effective treatment options are needed for ITS, especially those with some degree of dependence.
Journal Article
Trouble gum
Playing indoors with his little brother on a rainy day, a rambunctious young pig causes a ruckus and then breaks his mother's three chewing gum rules.
Book
Gum Chewing and Coffee Consumption but not Caffeine Intake Improve Bowel Function after Gastrointestinal Surgery: a Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Background
Postoperative ileus is common after gastrointestinal surgery. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness of gum chewing and coffee and caffeine intake on ileus-related outcomes.
Methods
A systematic literature review was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing noninvasive treatments for ileus after gastrointestinal surgery. The main analyses included random effects network meta-analyses using frequentist methods with simultaneous direct and indirect comparisons of time to first flatus, time to first defecation, and length of stay. Bayesian network meta-analysis using Markov chains was also used.
Results
A total of 32 RCTs comparing 4999 patients were included in this network meta-analysis. Time to flatus was reduced by gum chewing (mean difference compared to control (MD): -11 h, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) − 16 to − 5 h,
P
< 0.001). Time to defecation was reduced by gum chewing and coffee, with MDs of -18 h (95% CI − 23 to − 13 h,
P
< 0.001) and -13 h (95% CI − 24 to − 1 h,
P
< 0.001), respectively. Length of stay was reduced by coffee and gum chewing with MDs of − 1.5 days (95% CI: − 2.5 to − 0.6 days,
P
< 0.001) and − 0.9 days (95% CI: − 1.3 to − 0.4 days,
P
< 0.001), respectively.
Conclusion
Coffee and gum chewing were proven to be effective noninvasive approaches for shortening the postoperative length of hospital stay and time to first defecation, especially in open gastrointestinal surgery; thus these actions should be recommended after gastrointestinal surgery.
Journal Article
William Wrigley Jr. : Wrigley's Chewing Gum founder
A brief biography of William Wrigley, Jr. and his chewing gum company.
Book
Effects of short‐term xylitol chewing gum on pro‐inflammatory cytokines and Streptococcus mutans: A randomised, placebo‐controlled trial
Introduction Dental caries is an infectious disease with predominantly of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (S mutans). Xylitol is considered as one of the effective agents that can limit this dental infection. In this randomised, placebo‐controlled trial, we aimed to evaluate the potential reflection of short‐term xylitol consumption on pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8) and S mutans counts by ELISA and qPCR (Quantitative real‐time PCR), respectively. Methods In this study, 154 participants were assigned to two groups, control and xylitol. Dental examination, saliva and swab samples were done at baseline and at 3‐week for clinical and microbiological assessment. Results In xylitol group at the end of 3‐week, gingival and plaque index scores were significantly decreased with respect to baseline values (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). The salivary concentration of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were statistically declined at 3‐week, more so than those at baseline in xylitol group (P < .001). S mutans expression was reduced about fivefold at 3‐week use of xylitol and it was a statistically significant difference compared to baseline (P < .001). Conclusion Intriguingly, even short‐term consumption of xylitol might play a favourable role in maintaining the oral health status, possibly as a result of decreasing the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the counts of S mutans. Nonetheless, this investigation warrants further endorsement.
Journal Article