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"Child Poverty"
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Associations between childhood socioeconomic characteristics, race, and risk of adverse childhood experiences in a population-based sample of US-born non-Hispanic Black and White women
Background
Socioeconomically disadvantaged and racially minoritized populations bear an elevated risk of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), but few studies evaluate whether racial disparities in ACEs persist within socioeconomic strata. We examine the effect of both childhood socioeconomic characteristics and race on ACE burden.
Methods
Data are from a population-based sample (
N
= 1381) of US-born non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) women aged 20–49 years in Metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County, 2011–2014. Recalled data on ACEs aged < 13 years, childhood household socioeconomic position (chSEP) aged < 13 years, childhood neighborhood poverty rate (cNPR) aged 6 years (based on US Census tract), and covariates were collected during in-person interviews. ACEs are parameterized as an index (i.e., number of adversities, range 0–12) and as individual adversities. We estimate associations between cNPR (≥ 20%/10- < 20%/< 10%), chSEP index (low/medium/high), race (NHB/NHW), joint cNPR/race, and joint chSEP/race and ACEs using weighted logistic regression, to calculate odds ratios (OR), and using weighted zero-inflated Poisson regression, to calculate estimated ACE index.
Results
Participants who lived in poorer neighborhoods (i.e., cNPR ≥ 20%) or households (i.e., low chSEP index) during childhood reported significantly more ACEs than participants in wealthier neighborhoods (i.e., cNPR < 10%) or households (i.e., high chSEP index). NHB vs NHW participants overall had a higher mean ACE index (3.18 vs 2.25, respectively, p < 0.05), but NHB and NHW participants who lived in poorer neighborhoods or households had a similarly elevated ACE burden (e.g., estimated ACE index for low chSEP was 3.63 [95%CI 1.19–4.97] and 4.16 [95%CI 3.68–4.65], respectively). NHB participants experienced significant discrimination at all levels of cNPR and chSEP, which contributed to their overall increased ACE risk.
Conclusions
US-born NHB and NHW girls residing in poorer neighborhoods or households had a similarly substantially elevated burden of ACEs, indicating childhood poverty is a crucial determinant of ACE risk, independent of race.
Journal Article
Interventions addressing maternal and child health among the urban poor and homeless: an overview of systematic reviews
Background
Inequalities in access to and utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) care are hampering progress on the path to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In a number of Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) population subgroups at disproportionate risk of being left behind are the urban poor. Within this neglected group is the further neglected group of the homeless. Concomitantly, a number of interventions from the antenatal period onward have been piloted, tested, and scaled in these contexts. We carried out an overview of systematic reviews (SRs) to characterize the evidence around maternal and child health interventions relevant to urban poor homeless populations in LMICs.
Methods
We searched Medline, Cochrane Library, Health Systems Evidence and EBSCOhost databases for SRs published between January 2009 and 2020 (with an updated search through November 2021). Our population of interest was women or children from urban poor settings in LMICs; interventions and outcomes corresponded with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidance document. Each SR was assessed by two reviewers using established standard critical appraisal checklists. The overview was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021229107).
Results
In a sample of 33 high quality SRs, we found no direct relevant evidence for pregnant and lactating homeless women (and children) in the reviewed literature. There was a lack of emphasis on evidence related to family planning, safe abortion care, and postpartum care of mothers. There was mixed quality evidence that the range of nutritional interventions had little, unclear or no effect on several child mortality and development outcomes. Interventions related to water, sanitation, and hygiene, ensuring acceptability of community health services and health promotion type programs could be regarded as beneficial, although location seemed to matter. Importantly, the risk of bias reporting in different reviews did not match, suggesting that greater attention to rigour in their conduct is needed.
Conclusion
The generalizability of existing systematic reviews to our population of interest was poor. There is a clear need for rigorous primary research on MCH interventions among urban poor, and particularly homeless populations in LMICs, as it is as yet unclear whether the same, augmented, or altogether different interventions would be required.
Journal Article
Multidimensional Child Poverty Measurement in Sierra Leone and Lao PDR: Contrasting Individual- and Household-Based Approaches
This article compares the properties of individual- and household-based multidimensional child poverty approaches. Specifically, it contrasts UNICEF’s multiple overlapping deprivation analysis (MODA) with the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. MODA focuses on children and is rooted in the child rights approach, while MPI has been developed for households and follows Sen’s (1985) capabilities approach. We demonstrate their similarities and differences using two recent multiple indicator cluster surveys: Sierra Leone and Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The analysis suggests that MODA tends to produce higher multidimensional child poverty headcount rates than MPI, both because of the differences in the survey items used to construct the indicators of deprivation and because of how the indicators are aggregated and weighted. The study also shows that both MODA and MPI are highly sensitive to the exclusion of any one indicator from the analysis. Thus it is crucial to have valid information on the same indicators when tracking multidimensional poverty over time, e.g. for monitoring progress towards the sustainable development goals. Yet they are both robust to reductions in deprivation on just one indicator, suggesting that policies targeting only one component of the overall index would have a limited impact on the MD deprivation rate.
Journal Article
My Jasper June
The school year is over, and it is summer in Atlanta. The sky is blue, the sun is blazing, and the days brim with possibility. But Leah feels lost. She has been this way since one terrible afternoon a year ago when everything changed. Since that day, her parents have become distant, her friends have fallen away, and Leah's been adrift and alone. Then she meets Jasper, a girl unlike anyone she has ever known. There's something mysterious about Jasper, almost magical. And Jasper, Leah discovers, is also lost. Together, the two girls carve out a place for themselves, a hideaway in the overgrown spaces of Atlanta, away from their parents and their hardships, somewhere only they can find. But as the days of this magical June start to draw to a close, and the darker realities of their lives intrude once more, Leah and Jasper have to decide how real their friendship is, and whether it can be enough to save them both.-- Publisher's description.
Book
Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families: Filial Responsibilities—Risks or Buffers?
Single motherhood and poverty have a significant, negative impact on mothers and their children. When their mothers experience maternal distress, adolescent children have to take up more instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities to comfort their mother and adapt to related changes. Based on 325 mother–child dyads of Chinese single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage, this study examined the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent mental health problems (indexed by anxiety and depression) and the moderating roles of instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities. Results indicated that maternal distress was positively associated with anxiety and depression in adolescent children. In addition, instrumental filial responsibility intensified the associations of maternal distress with adolescent anxiety and depression. Moreover, the moderating role of emotional filial responsibility in the predictive relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was different in boys and girls. Adolescent girls with more emotional filial responsibility reported higher adolescent anxiety than did those who shouldered less emotional filial responsibility when their mother exhibited more distress, whereas the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was stable in boys, regardless of emotional filial responsibility. In short, the present study showed that parentification was likely to occur in poor Chinese single-mother families, and adolescent children who took up a more caregiving role in the family exhibited poorer mental health. Family counselling and tangible support for single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage are urged.
Journal Article
Informality and multidimensional child poverty: evidence from urban and rural Indonesia
Despite growing attention to child poverty in developing countries, limited empirical evidence exists on how household labor informality contributes to multidimensional child poverty in Indonesia. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between employment status and child deprivation using nationally representative data from the 2022 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). Multidimensional child poverty is measured through seven deprivation indicators following the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis framework. Using binary and multinomial logit regressions, we estimate the effects of formal, informal, and self-employment (in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors) on children's poverty status across national, rural, and urban contexts. Our findings reveal that informal employment is consistently associated with higher risks of multidimensional child poverty, particularly in rural areas. In contrast, formal employment and non-agricultural self-employment reduce poverty risks. Socio-demographic characteristics such as parental education, number of children, and single-parent status also play a critical role in shaping child deprivation. Access to social protection significantly mitigates poverty risks. The results highlight two critical policy insights: the need to facilitate transitions from informal to formal employment especially in rural areas, and the importance of integrating inclusive social protection programs that target vulnerable households to break intergenerational cycles of poverty.
Journal Article
Decomposing multidimensional child poverty and its drivers in the Mouhoun region of Burkina Faso, West Africa
Background
The global poverty profile shows that Africa and Asia bear the highest burden of multidimensional child poverty. Child survival and development therefore depend on socioeconomic and environmental factors that surround a child.The aim of this paper is to measure multidimensional child poverty and underpin what drives it among children aged 5 to 18 years in a resource poor region of Burkina Faso.
Methods
Using primary data collected from a cross sectional study of 722 households in the Mouhoun region of Burkina Faso, the Alkire–Foster methodology was applied to estimate and decompose child poverty among children aged 5–18 years. Seven broad dimensions guided by the child poverty literature, data availability and the country’s SDGs were used
.
A binary logistic regression model was applied to identify drivers of multidimensional child poverty in the region.
Results
The highest prevalence of deprivations were recorded in water and sanitation (91%), information and leisure (89%) followed by education (83%). Interestingly, at
k
= 3 (the sum of weighted indicators that a child must be deprived to be considered multidimensionally poor), about 97% of children are deprived in at least three of the seven dimensions. At k = 4 to k = 6, between 88.7 and 30.9% of children were equally classified as suffering from multidimensional poverty. The odds of multidimensional poverty were reduced in children who belonged to households with a formally educated mother (OR = 0.49) or stable sources of income (OR = 0.31, OR = 0.33). The results equally revealed that being an adolescent (OR = 0.67), residing in the urban area of Boromo (OR = 0.13) and rural area of Safané (OR = 0.61) reduced the odds of child poverty. On the other hand, child poverty was highest among children from the rural area of Yé (OR = 2.74), polygamous households (OR = 1.47, OR = 5.57 and OR = 1.96), households with an adult head suffering from a longstanding illness (OR = 1.61), households with debts (OR = 1.01) and households with above five number of children/woman (OR = 1.49).
Conclusion
Child poverty is best determined by using a multidimensional approach that involves an interplay of indicators and dimensions, bearing in mind its causation.
Journal Article