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Although the association between parenting stress and child behavioral outcomes is well established (Deater-Deckard, Clin Psychol 5:314–332, 1998), longitudinal research examining the direction of these effects is limited. This study examined transactional associations between parenting stress and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors among 1209 low-income female caregivers (Mage = 34.51) with children in early childhood or early adolescence (i.e., either 2- to 5-years-olds or 9- to 15-year-olds at Time 1) across a 6 year time span using three time points. Parent-driven associations between parenting stress and child internalizing problems for the early childhood group were found. In the early adolescent group, transactional and child-driven associations were found between parenting stress and child externalizing problems, but only child-driven associations for internalizing problems. Thus, transactional associations were only supported for the early adolescent group. These findings suggest developmental differences in how parenting stress and child behavioral problems are linked among low-income families. Clinical implications are discussed.

Online parenting programs to support parents of children with behavioral problems and emotional problems have become widely available in recent years. Research has consistently shown their positive effects on child development, parents’ adaptive parenting practices, and parents’ mental health. However, knowledge is lacking on which type of content is more suitable to be delivered online. Our work addresses this knowledge gap by conducting traditional and network meta-analyses to improve our understanding of (1) how effective online parenting programs are to improve children’s behavior and emotional problems, and (2) what clusters of components are most likely to yield the strongest effects. Following the PROSPERO preregistration, we systematically searched PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Of the 8292 records retrieved, 28 records on 27 randomized controlled trials ( N  = 5,312) met the inclusion criteria. Results show moderate effect sizes of online parenting programs on reduced child behavioral and emotional problems, parents’ ineffective parenting practices, and parents’ mental health problems. Online programs adopting a learning theory perspective, either with or without additional parental self-care and parents as therapist approaches, are most likely to yield the strongest effects on child behavioral problems. Online programs adopting a learning theory perspective, parental self-care and parents as therapist approaches, with or without additional relationship perspectives, are most likely to yield the strongest effects on child emotional problems. Online parenting programs seem promising tools for improving child behavioral and emotional problems. Future research should identify the circumstances that allow parents and children to benefit more from specific components in these programs.

We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to consider the effects of maternal incarceration on 21 caregiver-and teacher-reported behavioral problems among 9-year-old children. The results suggest three primary conclusions. First, children of incarcerated mothers are a disadvantaged group that exhibit high levels of caregiver-and teacher-reported behavioral problems. Second, after we adjust for selection, the effects of maternal incarceration on children's behavioral problems are consistently null (for 19 of 21 outcomes) and rarely positive (1 of 21) or negative (1 of 21), suggesting that the poor outcomes of these children are driven by disadvantages preceding maternal incarceration rather than incarceration. These effects, however, vary across race/ethnicity, with maternal incarceration diminishing caregiverreported behavioral problems among non-Hispanic whites. Finally, in models considering both maternal and paternal incarceration, paternal incarceration is associated with more behavioral problems, which is consistent with previous research and suggests that the null effects of maternal incarceration are not artifacts of our sample or analytic decisions.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.942363.].[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.942363.].

Parenthood can be experienced as a pleasant but challenging period for parents, possibly accompanied by parenting stress. Early parenthood in particular is a vulnerable period as many parents experience biological and psychosocial changes related to new parenthood. Previous studies have shown that parenting stress is related to child behavior problems, but few studies have investigated the transactional relations across time between parenting stress and child internalizing and externalizing outcomes separately, examining within-person changes. The first aim of this study was to examine the transactional within-person associations of parenting stress and child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems across childhood from age 9 months to 9 years. As a second aim, we examined parenting as a possible underlying mechanism of the transactional associations by testing whether parental warmth and hostility mediate within-person associations of parenting stress and child behavior across time. Data were analyzed from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal child cohort study including 7,208 caregiver-child dyads at wave 1 (child’s age nine months), who were followed at child’s age three (wave 2), five (wave 3) and nine years (wave 5). Primary caregiver’s and child’s age and gender, household income, occupational status, educational status, partner status, and cultural background were covariates assessed at all waves. Data were analyzed using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model in R-lavaan. Bidirectional relations between parenting stress and child behavior were found for both internalizing and externalizing behavior from age 5 to 9, but not for earlier time points. Our results did not indicate mediating effects of parental warmth or parental hostility in the associations between parenting stress and child behavior problems. Therefore, we conclude that parenting stress and child internalizing as well as parenting stress and child externalizing behaviors have transactional associations from child’s age 5 to 9 years. Future research examining transactional associations of parenting stress and child behaviors should investigate possible other mediations taking a within-person approach by utilizing the RI-CLPM.

Background Postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD) is a prevalent, yet often unrecognized mental health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, the long-term effects of PP-PTSD symptoms on maternal well-being and child socioemotional development beyond the first year postpartum remain largely unknown. This study focused on the association between PP-PTSD symptoms within one year after childbirth and maternal depressive symptoms and child behavioral problems two years later. Methods Russian women ( n  = 419) completed the City Birth Trauma Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale evaluating symptoms of PP-PTSD and postpartum depression (PPD) via a web-based survey. Mothers also filled in the Beck Depression Inventory that assessed their depressive symptoms and the Child Behavior Checklist that assessed child’s behavioral problems 2.24 years later. Results The regression analysis showed a significant association between PP-PTSD and elevated depressive symptoms 2 years later even after adjustment for PPD (β = 0.19, 95% Confidence Interval 0.11, 0.26, p  < 0.01). Children of mothers with higher PP-PTSD symptoms had higher internalizing, externalizing, and total behavioral problems, independent of PPD and concurrent depressive symptoms (β > 0.12, p  < 0.01 for all). Conclusions Childbirth-related PTSD presents risk for maternal psychological well-being and child socioemotional development beyond comorbidity with maternal depression. Raising awareness about PP-PTSD among families, communities, healthcare providers, and policymakers is essential in order to decrease stigma of childbirth-related distress, particularly, in low- and middle-income countries like Russia, improve support system during the postpartum period, promote mother–infant bonding in affected women, and, thus, prevent long-term consequences of traumatic childbirth for maternal and child mental health outcomes. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Background There is growing interest in research understanding the individual-specific predictors of child callous-unemotional (CU) traits, particularly in early childhood. Objective This study reviewed evidence from studies that investigated the relationship between early child temperament factors (between 0 and 3 years) and CU traits in children aged 3 to 13 years. Methods A systematic search conducted according to PRISMA guidelines yielded 8 peer-reviewed articles. Results Analysis of the included articles suggested that there was emerging evidence to support links between early temperament factors (particularly, fearlessness and social affiliation) and child CU traits. Conclusions The results of this review demonstrate the ongoing need for further research to clarify the temperamental profiles of children with CU traits, particularly across fearlessness, social affiliation, and general temperament dimensions.

ObjectivesWork-family conflict (WFC) has severe negative effects on workers’ health and well-being. This study examined whether parents’ WFC also affects the well-being of their children. It was analyzed whether, and to what extent, maternal WFC is associated with child emotional and behavioral problems, and whether this association is mediated by mothers’ use of harsh parenting practices.MethodsUsing data from two waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam) a total of 1781 children and their employed mothers were analyzed using mediation modeling with pooled OLS regressions.ResultsThe analyses show that children whose mothers experience higher levels of WFC report higher levels of emotional problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. The results also indicate that this association is mediated by mothers’ parenting behavior.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that mothers’ parenting behavior underpins the association between maternal WFC and child behavioral problems: Mothers who experience higher levels of WFC use harsher parenting practices, which negatively affects their children’s well-being.

Research has shown that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk of poor health and well-being, yet less is known about the pathways through which these life outcomes emerge. For instance, prospective, longitudinal research into the link between ACEs and the trajectories of children’s behavioral problems is limited. Moreover, no longitudinal study has investigated whether children’s behavioral problems also increase their risk of adverse experiences over time. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to explore bidirectional relations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and children’s behavioral problems in a sample of low-income children. This study uses the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a birth cohort study of 4898 children followed from birth through 15 years of age. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was fit to examine the bidirectional relations between ACEs and child behavioral problems. Study findings indicated that age 5 ACEs score significantly predicted age 9 anxious or depressed problems and age 9 aggressive problems. Age 5 anxious or depressed problems also significantly predicted age 9 ACEs exposure. From age 3 to age 9, ACEs also played a dominant role in the bidirectional relations with behavioral problems. There were certain bidirectional relations between ACEs and child behavioral problems. The findings have implications for understanding the etiology and consequences of adversities as well as the design of prevention and intervention strategies.

Background: Exposure to violence perpetrated on a mother by her intimate partner (IPV or intimate partner violence) has an impact on the psychosocial adjustment of her children. In addition, the violence suffered by mothers could affect parental competences. Methods: Through the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), this work analyzes the psychosocial adjustment in children between 6 and 17 years old who live with their mothers in shelters after having experienced IPV situations. It also explores the association between mothers’ parenting competences and children’s adjustment in shelters. Results: The evaluation shows a negative correlation between the quality of mothers’ care of their children during their stay in shelters and the rate of children’s behavioral problems, so that the better the parental competences of mothers, the lower the rate of behavioral problems presented by children. Conclusions: As a result of IPV, mother–child relationships can be affected. Children exposed to IPV may exhibit more externalizing behavior problems and their mothers may have difficulty demonstrating competent parenting behaviors while living in a shelter. Work should be aimed at reestablishing parenting competences in mothers and the quality of mother–child interactions while they remain in the shelters, in an effort to mitigate the psychosocial consequences of IPV for their children.