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India's malnourished children
The prevalence of child undernutrition in India is among the highest in the world; nearly double that of Sub-Saharan Africa, with dire consequences for morbidity, mortality, productivity and economic growth. Drawing on qualitative studies and quantitative evidence from large household surveys, this book explores the dimensions of child undernutrition in India and examines the effectiveness of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program, India's main early child development intervention, in addressing it. Although levels of undernutrition in India declined modestly during the 1990s, the reductions lagged behind those achieved by other countries with similar economic growth. Nutritional inequalities across different states and socioeconomic and demographic groups remain large. Although the ICDS program appears to be well-designed and well-placed to address the multi-dimensional causes of malnutrition in India, several problems exist that prevent it from reaching its potential. The book concludes with a discussion of a number of concrete actions that can be taken to bridge the gap between the policy intentions of ICDS and its actual implementation.
Book
A correlation analysis of BroselowTM Pediatric Emergency Tape-determined pediatric weight with actual pediatric weight in India
BACKGROUND:The Broselow?Pediatric Emergency Tape indicates standardized,precalculated medication doses,dose delivery volumes,and equipment sizes using color-coded zones based on height-weight correlations.The present study attempted to provide more evidence on the effectiveness of the Broselow?Pediatric Emergency Tape by comparing the tape-estimated weights with actual weights.We hypothesized that the Broselow?Pediatric Emergency Tape would overestimate weights in Indian children aged<10 years,leading to inaccurate dosing and equipment sizing in the emergency setting.METHODS:This prospective study of pediatric patients aged<10 years who were divided into three groups based on actual body weight:<10 kg,10–18 kg,and>18 kg.We calculated the percentage difference between the Broselow-predicted weight and the measured weight as a measure of tape bias.Concordant results were those with a mean percent difference within 3%.Standard deviation was measured to determine precision.Accuracy was determined as color-coded zone prediction and measured weight concordance,including the percentage overestimation by 1–2 zones.RESULTS:The male-to-female ratio of the patients was 1.3:1.Total agreement between colorcoding was 63.18%(κ=0.582).The Broselow?color-coded zone agreement was 74.8%in the<10kg group,61.24%in the 10–18 kg group,and 53.42%in the>18 kg group.CONCLUSIONS:The Broselow?Pediatric Emergency Tape showed good evidence for being more reliable in children of the<10 kg and 10–18 kg groups.However,as pediatric weight increased,predictive reliability decreased.This raises concerns over the use of the Broselow?Pediatric Emergency Tape in Indian children because body weight was overestimated in those weighing>18 kg.
Journal Article
India's undernourished children : a call for reform and action
The prevalence of child undernutrition in India is among the highest in the world, nearly double that of Sub-Saharan Africa, with dire consequences for morbidity, mortality, productivity and economic growth. Drawing on qualitative studies and quantitative evidence from large household surveys, this book explores the dimensions of child undernutrition in India and examines the effectiveness of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)program, India's main early child development intervention, in addressing it. Although levels of undernutrition in India declined modestly during the 1990s, the reductions lagged behind those achieved by other countries with similar economic growth. Nutritional inequalities across different states and socioeconomic and demographic groups remain large. Although the ICDS program appears to be well-designed and well-placed to address the multi-dimensional causes of malnutrition in India, several problems exist that prevent it from reaching its potential. The book concludes with a discussion of a number of concrete actions that can be taken to bridge the gap between the policy intentions of ICDS and its actual implementation.
eBook
Inhabiting 'childhood' : children, labour and schooling in postcolonial India
\"Although 'multiple childhoods' recognizes children's lives as heterogeneous and culturally inscribed, the figure of the 'victimized' child continues to test the limits of this framework. Inhabiting 'Childhood' ambitiously redresses these limits by drawing on the everyday experiences of street children and child labourers in Calcutta to introduce the postcolony as a critical, and thus far absent, lens in theorizing the 'child'. Through capturing a moment in which global, national and local efforts combined to improve and transform these children's lives through school enrolment and new discourses of 'children's rights', this ethnography makes a vital point about the complexity and contemporaneity of their extensive practices of dwelling generated by the exigencies of survival within postcolonial 'development'. These modes of living labour are central to comprehending why these children though desirous of the transition from labour to school, find this difficult to inhabit. This book argues that this difficulty, which can be neither dissolved through a 'cultural' understanding of these lives nor resolved within a more technocratic policy norm, is in fact a very productive opening to re-thinking 'childhood'\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Inhabiting 'childhood' : children, labour and schooling in postcolonial India
Through a rich ethnography of street and working children in Calcutta, India, this book offers the first sustained enquiry into postcolonial childhoods, arguing that the lingering effects of colonialism are central to comprehending why these children struggle to inhabit the transition from labour to schooling.
eBook
Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among under-five children residing in urban slums and rural area, Maharashtra, India: a community-based cross-sectional study
Background
Undernutrition among under five children in India is a major public health problem. Despite India’s growth in the economy, the child mortality rate due to undernutrition is still high in both urban and rural areas. Studies that focus on urban slums are scarce. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition in children under five in Maharashtra, India.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 randomly selected clusters in two districts of Maharashtra state, India. Data were collected through house to house survey by interviewing mothers of under five children. Total 2929 mothers and their 3671 under five children were covered. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the determinants of child nutritional status seperately in urban and rural areas.
Results
The mean age of the children was 2.38 years (±SD 1.36) and mean age of mothers was 24.25 years (± SD 6.37). Overall prevalence of stunting among children under five was 45.9%, wasting was 17.1 and 35.4% children were underweight. Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were more seen in an urban slum than a rural area. In the rural areas exclusive breast feeding (
p
< 0.001) and acute diarrhea (
p
= 0.001) were associated with wasting, children with birth order 2 or less than 2 were associated with stunting and exclusive breast feeding (
p
< 0.05) and low maternal education were associated with underweight. Whereas in the urban slums exclusive breast feeding (
p
< 0.05) was associated with wasting, sex of the child (
p
< 0.05) and type of family (
p
< 0.05) were associated with stunting,and low income of the family (
p
< 0.05) was associated with underweight.
Conclusions
Factors like sex of the child, birth order,exclusive breast feeding,economic status of the family, type of family,acute diarrhea and maternal education have influence on nutritional status of the child. Improvement of maternal education will improve the nutritional status of the child. Strategies are needed to improve the economic status of the community.
Trial registration
Trial registration number:
CTRI/2017/12/010881
; Registration date:14/12/2017. Retrospectively registered.
Journal Article
Human Capital Development and Parental Investment in India
We estimate production functions for cognition and health for children aged 1–12 in India, based on the Young Lives Survey. India has over 70 million children aged 0–5 who are at risk of developmental deficits. The inputs into the production functions include parental background, prior child cognition and health, and child investments, which are taken as endogenous. Estimation is based on a nonlinear factor model, based on multiple measurements for both inputs and child outcomes. Our results show an important effect of early health on child cognitive development, which then becomes persistent. Parental investments affect cognitive development at all ages, but more so for younger children. Investments also have an impact on health at early ages only.
Journal Article