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LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanofibers, nanobelts and nanotubes were prepared by electrospinning combined with a double-crucible chlorination technique using NH sub(4)Cl as chlorinating agent. Different morphologies of LaOCl:Eu super(3+) were obtained via adjusting some of the electrospun parameters. X-ray powder diffraction analysis indicated that LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanostructures were tetragonal with space group P4/nmm. Scanning electron microscope analysis and histograms revealed that diameters LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanofibers and nanotubes, and the width of LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanobelts were respectively 198.64 plus or minus 15.07, 168.86 plus or minus 24.70 and 2.103 plus or minus 0.3345 mu m under the 95 % confidence level. Transmission electron microscope observation showed that as-obtained LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanotubes were hollow-centered structure. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis manifested that the LaOCl:Eu super(3+) with different morphologies emitted the predominant emission peaks at 616 and 618 nm originating from the transition super(5)D sub(0) arrow right super(7)F sub(2) of Eu super(3+) ions under the excitation of 283-nm ultraviolet light. It was found that the optimum molar ratio of Eu super(3+)/(La super(3+)+Eu super(3+)) ions was 5 %. LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanobelts exhibited the strongest PL intensity of the three morphologies under the same doping concentration. CIE analysis demonstrated that color-tuned luminescence can be obtained by changing doping concentration of Eu super(3+) ions and morphologies of nanomaterials, which could be applied in the fields of optical telecommunication and optoelectronic devices. The possible formation mechanisms of LaOCl:Eu super(3+) nanofibers, nanobelts and nanotubes were also proposed.

Vanadium as a rare element has a wide range of applications in iron and steel production, vanadium flow batteries, catalysts, etc. In 2018, the world’s total vanadium output calculated in the form of metal vanadium was 91,844 t. The raw materials for the production of vanadium products mainly include vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium slag, stone coal, petroleum coke, fly ash, and spent catalysts, etc. Chlorinated metallurgy has a wide range of applications in the treatment of ore, slag, solid wastes, etc. Chlorinating agent plays an important role in chlorination metallurgy, which is divided into solid (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, NH4Cl, NaClO, and NaClO3) and gas (Cl2, HCl, and CCl4). The chlorination of vanadium oxides (V2O3 and V2O5) by different chlorinating agents was investigated from the thermodynamics. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the research progress of chlorination in the treatment of vanadium-containing materials. This paper has important reference significance for further adopting the chlorination method to treat vanadium-containing raw materials.

Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.

In this study, lithium was recovered from LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode active materials through a two-step thermal process combining hydrogen reduction and chlorination roasting. Hydrogen reduction was conducted while varying temperature and holding time to promote oxygen removal from LFP and induce phase separation into Li3PO4 and iron phosphides (FeP and Fe2P). Based on stoichiometric assessment using the degree of LFP decomposition and the reduction in oxygen moles, the optimal hydrogen-reduction condition was determined to be 900 °C for 1 h. Subsequently, CaCl2 was selected as an appropriate chlorination agent using thermodynamic considerations, and the hydrogen-reduced product was reacted with CaCl2 to convert Li3PO4 into water-soluble LiCl. The mass of LiCl produced was quantified as a function of reaction temperature. Water leaching enabled the separation of LiCl from the insoluble residues, resulting in an overall lithium recovery of 71.7%.

The selective chlorination of ethane to 1,2-dichloroethane offers a promising route for upgrading ethane, yet its efficiency remains constrained by limited mechanistic insights into gas-phase chlorine-radical-mediated pathways, which govern target product selectivity and competing dehydrochlorination side reactions. This work systematically decouples the kinetics of ethane chlorination and chloroethane functionalization under varying Cl2 concentrations, revealing that chlorine radicals govern product distribution through thermodynamically favored pathways. This results in an interesting phenomenon whereby the product ratio between 1,1-C2H4Cl2 and 1,2-C2H4Cl2 maintains a constant 2:1 stoichiometry regardless of Cl2 concentration variation. A critical observation is that the rate of all chlorination steps remains independent of alkane concentrations, highlighting the dominant role of chlorine radicals in rate-determining steps. Furthermore, ethylene byproducts are demonstrated to originate from the dechlorination of chlorine-radical-induced 2-chloroethyl radicals derived from chloroethane, rather than the direct dehydrochlorination of chloroethane itself. These insights into the dual role of chlorine radicals—mediating both the chlorination and dehydrochlorination pathways—establish a foundational framework for integrating gas-phase radical chemistry with catalytic engineering strategies to suppress undesired side reactions and enable scalable, selective ethane chlorination.

Intermittent water supply is common in Palestine, prompting schools to rely on on-site water storage systems, including underground and roof tanks. Prolonged and uncontrolled water storage leads to quality degradation, especially with free residual chlorine (FRC) depletion. Hence, this poses health risks to students and staff. This pilot (field) study evaluated the effectiveness of booster chlorination under the current storage conditions to optimize and improve the existing chlorination process. Four schools were selected based on the type of water storage systems (two with underground tanks, two with roof tanks) and building age. Booster chlorination was applied at two chlorine doses (0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L). FRC was monitored until levels dropped below 0.05 mg/L. Results show that the currently applied chlorine dose (0.5 mg/L) is insufficient to reach the minimum national FRC standard (0.2 mg/L) after 30 min. In contrast, a 1 mg/L chlorine dose is more effective in maintaining the minimum FRC concentration limit for a longer time. In addition, manual mixing is ineffective in large underground tanks, while it is effective in roof tanks. This study urges the need to revise the national chlorination guidelines and to adjust chlorination practices to ensure safe drinking water in schools.

tert-Butyl hypochlorite was employed as a versatile reagent for chlorooxidation of indoles, chlorination of 2-oxindoles, and decarboxylative chlorination of the indole-2-carboxylic acids. Four types of products including 2-chloro-3-oxindoles, 2,2-dichloro-3-oxindoles, 3,3-dichloro-2-oxindoles, and 2,3-dichloroindoles could be selectively obtained in moderate to excellent yields by switching the substrates. Various synthetically useful functional groups, such as halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, and methoxycarbonyl groups, remain intact during the reactions. Notable features of the approach include the universality of the starting materials, the mild reaction conditions, and the experimental simplicity.

New approaches are needed to both reduce and reuse plastic waste. In this context, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an appealing target as it is the least recycled high-production-volume polymer due to its facile release of plasticizers and corrosive HCl gas. Herein, these limitations become advantageous in a paired-electrolysis reaction in which HCl is intentionally generated from PVC to chlorinate arenes in an air- and moisture-tolerant process that is mediated by the plasticizer. The reaction proceeds efficiently with other plastic waste present and a commercial plasticized PVC product (laboratory tubing) can be used directly. A simplified life-cycle assessment reveals that using PVC waste as the chlorine source in the paired-electrolysis reaction has a lower global warming potential than HCl. Overall, this method should inspire other strategies for repurposing waste PVC and related polymers using electrosynthetic reactions, including those that take advantage of existing polymer additives.The facile release of corrosive HCl gas and plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) makes it a challenging material to recycle. Now, it has been shown that PVC waste can be directly used as a halogen source to synthesize chloroarenes. This paired electro(de)chlorination is mediated by a phthalate plasticizer already contained in PVC waste.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated oxidative stress has been suggested to play an important role in the pathological dysfunction of epileptic brains. However, there is currently no robust brainimaging tool to detect real-time endogenous hypochlorite (HClO) generation by MPO or a fluorescent probe for rapid highthroughput screening of antiepileptic agents that control the MPO-mediated chlorination stress. Herein, we report an efficient two-photon fluorescence probe (named HCP) for the real-time detection of endogenous HClO signals generated by MPO in the brain of kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic mice, where HClO-dependent chlorination of quinolone fluorophore gives the enhanced fluorescence response. With this probe, we visualized directly the endogenous HClO fluxes generated by the overexpression of MPO activity in vivo and ex vivo in mouse brains with epileptic behaviors. Notably, by using HCP, we have also constructed a high-throughput screening approach to rapidly screen the potential antiepileptic agents to control MPO-mediated oxidative stress. Moreover, from this screen, we identified that the flavonoid compound apigenin can relieve the MPO-mediated oxidative stress and inhibit the ferroptosis of neuronal cells. Overall, this work provides a versatile fluorescence tool for elucidating the role of HClO generation by MPO in the pathology of epileptic seizures and for rapidly discovering additional antiepileptic agents to prevent and treat epilepsy.

Deep-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on reduced-dimensional perovskites (RDPs) still face a few challenges including severe trap-assisted nonradiative recombination, sluggish exciton transfer, and undesirable bathochromic shift of the electroluminescence spectra, impeding the realization of high-performance PeLEDs. Herein, an in situ chlorination (isCl) post-treatment strategy was employed to regulate phase reconstruction and renovate multiple defects of RDPs, leading to superior carrier cooling of 0.88 ps, extraordinary exciton binding energy of 122.53 meV, and higher photoluminescence quantum yield of 60.9% for RDP films with deep-blue emission at 450 nm. The phase regulation is accomplished via fluorine-derived hydrogen bonds that suppress the formation of small- n phases. Multiple defects, including halide vacancies (shallow-state defects) and lead-chloride antisite defects (deep-state defects), are renovated via C=O coordination and hydroxy-group-derived hydrogen bonds. Consequently, deep-blue PeLEDs with a record maximum external quantum efficiency of 6.17% and stable electroluminescence at 454 nm were demonstrated, representing the best-performing deep-blue PeLEDs. In situ chlorination strategy was proposed to renovate multiple defects along with reconstruction of phases in RDPs for efficient and spectrally stable deep-blue PeLEDs with a record EQE of 6.17%.