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The original gastrectomy and autopsy specimen now lie in the Josephinum Museum in Vienna.3 On February 6, 1894, 5 years after celebrating his 60th birthday, Billroth died of congestive heart disease. Theodor Billroth was succeeded by his pupils, Vincenz Czerny (first open partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, established the first cancer institute in Germany), Anton Wolfler (first gastroenterostomy, described postthyroidectomy tetany), and Johann von Mikulicz (pioneered the esophagoscope and gastroscope).4 Theodor Billroth and his surgical school remain the cornerstone of modern-day surgery.

Achieving global sustainability goals requires most people and societies to fundamentally revisit their relationship with nature. New approaches are called for to guide change processes towards sustainable futures that embrace the plurality of people's desired relationships with nature. This paper presents a novel approach to exploring desirable futures for nature and people that was developed through an application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in the Netherlands. This new national park is developed bottom-up by a diverse group of actors reshaping their interactions with each other and with nature. Our approach, co-designed with key stakeholders of the national park, engages with a new pluralistic framework for human-nature relationships presented by the IPBES task force on scenarios and models to catalyze the development of nature-centered scenarios. We integrated this Nature Futures Framework with the Three Horizons Framework in a participatory workshop process designed to bring people's diverse relationships with nature to the fore, and jointly envision desirable futures and the pathways to get there. We present a methodology to analyze and compare the visions and assess their potential contribution to the SDGs. We summarize the results of the application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen and reflect on lessons learned. The approach successfully engaged participants in joint exploration of desirable futures for the national park based on their plural perspectives on human-nature relationships. We see much potential for its applications to support change processes in various social-ecological contexts toward more sustainable futures for nature and people.

The Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) was established in 2011, and is now one of the major international social-ecological systems (SES) research networks. During this time, SES research has undergone a phase of rapid growth and has grown into an influential branch of sustainability science. In this Perspective, we argue that SES research has also deepened over the past decade, and helped to shed light on key dimensions of SES dynamics (e.g. system feedbacks, aspects of system design, goals and paradigms) that can lead to tangible action for solving the major sustainability challenges of our time. We suggest four ways in which the growth of place-based SES research, fostered by networks such as PECS, has contributed to these developments, namely by: 1) shedding light on transformational change, 2) revealing the social dynamics shaping SES, 3) bringing together diverse types of knowledge, and 4) encouraging reflexive researchers.

Ecosystem services provided by green infrastructure are often discussed for their potential to address the societal challenges of urbanization. However, green infrastructure, particularly small-scale types (e.g. trees), is vulnerable to loss through urbanization and is often passed over during scientific investigations. Studies on the perceptions of ecosystem services and disservices (hereafter called ecosystem (dis)services) dynamics along the rural-urban gradient are particularly rare in the literature. Therefore, this study assessed the perceived importance of ecosystem (dis)services associated with small-scale green infrastructure along a rural-urban gradient in Bengaluru, India. Based on photos of the five most common types of small-scale green infrastructure and the three most common tree species associated with them, we conducted a photo-elicitation survey of 649 residents from 61 towns in Bengaluru. We found significant differences in the perceptions of all ecosystem (dis)services among the types of green infrastructure. The most appreciated services were air/climate regulation from platform trees and aesthetic values from farm trees. Regulating services were most appreciated in urban areas while provisioning and cultural services were most appreciated in transitional areas, and disservices were most strongly perceived in rural areas. Gender, age, education, caste, and income from agriculture significantly affected the use and valuation of the ecosystem (dis)services within the local communities. Our study reveals the crucial role of small-scale green infrastructure as a multifunctional element, which is highly relevant for the supply of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services in Bengaluru.

Multifunctional landscapes are used and shaped by a range of different stakeholders. The high number of diverging values, interests or demands in such landscapes can lead to conflicts that impact sustainability goals. In this study, our aim was to include stakeholders' valuations of ecosystem services in multifunctionality assessments and thereby to identify different and possibly contradictory perspectives on landscape multifunctionality. Two European cultural landscapes, the Vereinigte Mulde (Germany) and the Kromme Rijn (The Netherlands), were used as case studies. Spatially explicit indicators of eleven ecosystem services were assessed and weighted according to their survey-based perceived importance for different stakeholder groups. While some significant differences between the groups were apparent, the results also revealed that all stakeholder groups acknowledge the importance of multiple ecosystem services. Stakeholder-specific multifunctionality hotspots occurred mainly in forests or grasslands and largely overlapped between the groups. Our study therefore clearly shows that the diversity of ecosystem services must be preserved in order to preserve the values that cultural landscapes offer to a wide range of people. While local solutions must be sought to resolve local land use conflicts over the use of ecosystem services, we conclude that multifunctionality can be declared a common goal.

Developing successful policies for sustainable land use requires understanding the perspectives of different actors. This study explored how residents - an often under-represented and un-organized group - vary in their valuation of ecosystem services (ES) and perception of multifunctionality in a peri-urban setting. We conducted 127 interviews in the Kromme Rijn region of the Netherlands guided by an interactive, visual canvas tool (STREAMLINE). We addressed four research questions: (1) Is there variation among residents regarding preferences for ES? (2) Which competing interests do residents see in this landscape? (3) Where are hotspots of perceived multifunctionality? and (4) Can the level of perceived multifunctionality be explained by its location on the rural-urban gradient? Our findings demonstrate that while the majority of ES are important to residents of a peri-urban landscape, there is variation in relative preference towards a subset of ES (mainly provisioning services). A typology of preferences distinguishes three groups: (A)'I want it all' - all ES (very) important; (B)'I want most of it' - majority of ES important; and (C)'I want some' - several ES not important at all. The majority of competing interests identified by respondents were between biodiversity and either a provisioning or cultural service. Universal hotspots of perceived multi-functionality overlapped with the area around residential areas, whereas natural (grassland) areas and water were considered multifunctional by only a small share of respondents. These perceptions and preferences do not necessarily align with current policy and management efforts, it is advised that residents' perceptions and values are better accounted for in landscape governance.

Urban forests play a crucial role for the wellbeing of city dwellers, and their importance for people has been emphasised during the COVID-19 pandemic. This exploratory study analyses the visit patterns and visitor attitudes and perceptions in a peri-urban forest nearby Bonn, Germany, as well as the impact of the lockdown. Methodically, we combined automated visitor counting with a total of 345 on-site interviews. Respondents were asked a variety of open-ended and closed questions on various aspects of forest management and recreation. The results show that shortly after the inception of the lockdown the number of forest visitors doubled and the visit pattern changed markedly. In contrast, people's associations with the forest remained rather stable. The forest visitors interviewed primarily associated the forest with tranquillity, recreation and fresh air, and they were generally positive about forest management. However, these expectations conflicted with the sense of crowdedness experienced during the lockdown, when novel forest uses and new motivations for visiting the forest arose, with an important focus on the forest as a place for social interaction. These were mainly a result of the lockdown restrictions, rather than COVID-19 itself, which left people with more time and flexibility, and less alternative activities. The results highlight the importance of forest management in catering to people's expectations and ultimately for the role that forests play for people's wellbeing. This was the case before the lockdown but arguably even more so during, in response to a variety of needs resulting from unprecedented circumstances.

Key policy highlights This study shows that spending time on the coast provides a wide range of perceived well-being benefits to people, as well fosters a deeper connection to nature; recognizing the role of coastal ecosystems in supporting human well-being should be a properly recognized and integrated into decision-making. Several coastal ecosystem-related factors, such as beach type, presence of certain species, and landscape appeal, strongly influence recreational preferences, underlining the importance of tailoring coastal planning to specific local contexts. Recognizing non-material values, such as places where people rate the enjoyment of landscape as especially vital, can help avoid conflicts between cultural values and economic development, informing decisions on infrastructure projects like offshore wind parks.

Key policy highlights Non-material contributions humans receive from nature, such as outdoor recreation and aesthetic appreciation, are frequently mentioned as important by stakeholders across Europe. Stakeholders tend to mention different types of contributions from nature depending on the ecosystem being assessed. Non-material and regulating contributions are emphasized in urban systems, while stakeholders in agricultural areas often highlight material benefits. Although certain EU policies, regulations, and directives on terrestrial ecosystem management acknowledge non-material contributions from nature, these are generally treated as secondary to the main objectives. This reveals a mismatch between the benefits frequently highlighted by stakeholders and those prioritized within these EU frameworks.

ABSTRACT The planning and implementation of nature-based solutions require effective knowledge exchange among practitioners across multiple catchments. This study aims to enhance this knowledge exchange by applying a knowledge transfer model based on socialization, externalization, combination and internalization (SECI). The objective is to assess the effectiveness of this model in facilitating stakeholder engagement and co-creation approaches in the context of increasing hydro-meteorological hazards. To achieve this, we applied the SECI model across eight brook catchments in Belgium, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom. The study involved deploying various knowledge exchange instruments, which were then evaluated for their impact on fostering collaboration among a diverse range of stakeholders, including landowners, non-governmental organizations, local communities and other key beneficiaries of nature-based solutions. The results demonstrate that the structured application of the SECI model significantly enhances stakeholder collaboration and supports the co-creation of resilient water management practices. We highlight the outcomes from selected knowledge exchange instruments and discuss their potential to increase the uptake of co-creation approaches in planning nature-based solutions. Finally, the study identifies key challenges and barriers encountered in the co-creation process and offers insights into overcoming them for broader application in social-ecological contexts.