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"Christian shrines Jerusalem."
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Saving the Holy Sepulchre
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the mother of all the churches, erected on the spot where Jesus Christ was crucified and rose from the dead and where every Christian was born. In 1927, Jerusalem was struck by a powerful earthquake, and for decades this venerable structure stood perilously close to collapse. This book tells the engaging story of how three major Christian traditions — Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Orthodox — each with jealously guarded claims to the church, struggled to restore one of the great shrines of civilization. For centuries the communities had lived together in an atmosphere of tension and mistrust based on differences of theology, language, and culture — differences so sharp that fistfights were not uncommon. And the project of restoration became embroiled in inter-church disputes and great power politics. The author shows how the repair of the dilapidated basilica was the result of unprecedented cooperation among the three churches. Thanks to the dedicated efforts of a cast of kings, popes, patriarchs, governors, monks, and architects, the deadlock was eventually broken on the eve of Pope Paul VI's historic pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1964. Today, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is in better shape than it has been for five hundred years. Light and space have returned to its ancient halls, and its walls and pillars stand sound and true. This book is the riveting story of how Christians put aside centuries of division to make this dream a reality.
eBook
“We Were Here First”: Guiding Jewish Israeli Pupils at Christian Sites
The article examines the image of Christianity and Christians as expressed in the narratives used to guide Israeli pupils at Christian sites in Jerusalem. Based on an analysis of tour observations and interviews with tour guides and those who prepare the itineraries, it explores how the presentation of Christianity and Christians serves as a means of constructing a modern Israeli identity. It argues that despite the power of Jews in the Israeli state, there is a growing sense of victimhood in Israeli society, one that leads to the introduction of Jewish-Christian polemics into the Zionist narrative, and to the transformation of tours—ostensibly designed to expose students to cultural/religious pluralism—into a means of perpetuating the notion of hostile “others”.
Journal Article
Christianity under Islam in Jerusalem : the question of the holy sites in early Ottoman times
This study offers a thorough treatment of Ottoman policy with respect to Christianity's holiest shrines during the first two centuries of Ottoman rule in Jerusalem. Based on official Ottoman records found in the registers of the kadi's court in Jerusalem as well as the Prime Ministry's Archives in Istanbul, it sheds new light on one of the most obscure and controversial chapters in the history of Christianity under Islam in Jerusalem.
eBook
Jerusalem as Palimpsest
Latin Crusaders captured Jerusalem on 15 July 1099, after Pope Urban’s call at the end of 1095 for the First Crusade.¹ Latin domination of Jerusalem lasted until 1187 when Sultan Saladin captured the city. Although Latin rule was reestablished for short periods between 1229 and 1239, and between 1241 and 1244, it was in the twelfth century that the Crusaders executed an extensive building campaign that aimed at the redefinition of the city’s Christian topography.
Crusader architecture is mostly viewed as an isolated phenomenon with distinguishing stylistic and formal characteristics. In the first studies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,
Book Chapter
Palestinian rituals of identity : the Prophet Moses festival in Jerusalem, 1850-1948
Members of Palestine’s Muslim community have long honored al-Nabi Musa, or the Prophet Moses. Since the thirteenth century, they have celebrated at a shrine near Jericho believed to be the location of Moses’s tomb; in the mid-nineteenth century, they organized a civic festival in Jerusalem to honor this prophet. Considered one of the most important occasions for Muslim pilgrims in Palestine, the Prophet Moses festival yearly attracted thousands of people who assembled to pray, conduct mystical forms of worship, and hold folk celebrations.Palestinian Rituals of Identity takes an innovative approach to the study of Palestine’s modern history by focusing on the Prophet Moses festival from the late Ottoman period through the era of British rule. Halabi explores how the festival served as an arena of competing discourses, with various social groups attempting to control its symbols. Tackling questions about modernity, colonialism, gender relations, and identity, Halabi recounts how peasants, Bedouins, rural women, and Sufis sought to influence the festival even as Ottoman authorities, British colonists, Muslim clerics, and Palestinian national leaders did the same. Drawing on extensive research in Arabic newspapers and Islamic and colonial archives, Halabi reveals how the festival has encapsulated Palestinians’ responses to modernity, colonialism, and the nation’s growing national identity.
eBook
Appropriating Jerusalem through Sacred Places: Disputed Land and Female Rituals at the Tombs of Mary and Rachel
Due to deep-seated political tensions and intermittent violence between various streams of the city’s three major religions, Jerusalem’s sacred landscape is in the midst of significant change. One of the most salient expressions of this phenomenon is the renaissance of female saint shrines, most notably the Tomb of Mary and the proximate Tomb of Rachel the Matriarch. At these sites, female symbols, imagery rituals, and materiality have become powerful tools for asserting political claims that pertain to land and belonging. I will take stock of this phenomenon through the lens of different ethno-religious groups in Israel/Palestine that are availing themselves of female symbols (such as fertility, suffering, and maternal care) to advance various objectives. I find that these symbols have charged valences within minority communities. For members of the country’s hegemonic denominations, Rachel is the Jewish people’s \"eternal mother\" as well as a national symbol of the \"return of the exiles\" to their homeland. At the same time, local Catholic and Orthodox Christians view Mary to be \"the mother of minorities\" who suffered on behalf of and continues to provide succor for the weak. As a minority, Christians in Israel/Palestine employ this image of the Virgin as part of their effort to struggle with their weakening grip over the territories. Viewing the Virgin as a protector of minority groups is a departure from the vast majority of the Christian world, where Mary constitutes a national symbol that reinforces social belonging. In sum, I show how, amid the ongoing religious struggle, both female icons and their respective sacred venues are mobilized by different groups for the sake of challenging the political order and reshaping the landscape.
Journal Article
FROM JERUSALEM TO TOLEDO: REPLICA, LANDSCAPE AND THE NATION IN RENAISSANCE IBERIA
In 1593, a Franciscan friar with antiquarian aspirations abandoned Europe for Jerusalem with the aim of attracting the munificence of the ageing Philip II, king of Spain (r. 1556-98), in support of his order. Bernardino Amico da Gallipoli, OFM, whose biographical details remain shrouded in mystery, would spend nearly five years in the Levant before returning to his native Italy in 1598, the year of Philip II's death. During his extended stay in the Holy Land, Amico's collegial relationship with the Franciscan Custodian Gianfrancesco della Salandra, a fellow Italian, ensured that he was entrusted with a series of important commissions that also gave him the opportunity to travel the length and breadth of Palestine and Egypt. In 1597, for example, while serving as the president and confessor to the Christian community of Cairo, Amico visited the Christian shrine at Matariya, where the Holy Family was said to have taken refuge on their flight into Egypt. Here, Beaver looks into Amico's book published at Rome in 1609 Under the title Trattato delle piante & immagini sacri edifizi di Terra Santa that include highly detailed descriptions of the Holy Land's cardinal buildings and shrines, as well as a wealth of information about their topographical settings and the spatial relationships between them.
Journal Article