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"Christianity and other religions Islam History 19th century."
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The Alhambra at the crossroads of history : Eastern and Western visions in the long nineteenth century
Examining the contemporary press, memoirs, travelogues and photographs - as well as the visitors' book, this title uses the Alhambra to build a history of the complex and entangled relations between East and West, North and South, Islam and Christianity, centre and periphery during the heyday of Orientalism and Western hegemony. A growing flow of visitors in the 19th century turned the Alhambra into a touristic destination and a major trope of Orientalism, created by Western authors and artists from Franois-Ren de Chateaubriand to Owen Jones and from Washington Irving to Jean-Lon Grme. Yet behind this Western infatuation lie scores of Oriental observers of the monument, as revealed by its visitors book, kept since 1829. This book uses this untapped source to analyse the perceptions of the Alhambra by multiple actors, including Westerners, Spaniards, Maghrebines, Ottoman Turks, Christian Arabs and Muslim Arabs from the Mashreq. In doing so, it reveals the existence of significant variations in both Western and Oriental perceptions of the monument, from Oriental Orientalism to Arab nationalism. Examining the contemporary press, memoirs, travelogues and photographs as well as the visitors book it uses the Alhambra to build a history of the complex and entangled relations between East and West, North and South, Islam and Christianity, centre and periphery during the heyday of Orientalism and Western hegemony.
Book
Muslim-Christian relations in Damascus amid the 1860 riot
On 9 July 1860 CE, an outbreak of violence in the inner-city Christian quarter of Damascus created shock waves locally and internationally. This book provides a step-by-step presentation of events and issues to assess the true role of all the players and shapers of events. It critically examines the internal and external politico-socio-economic factors involved and argues that economic interests rather than religious fanaticism were the main causes for the riot of 1860. Furthermore, it argues that the riot was not a sudden eruption but rather a planned and organised affair.
eBook
History of science, religion and the ‘big picture’
The academic subfields of ‘science and religion’ and ‘Islamic sciences’ have witnessed significant developments in recent decades. Despite historians discrediting outdated narratives, persistent ideas within the public sphere prompt the need for a comprehensive ‘big picture’. This paper examines the historiographical developments in the fields of ‘science and religion’ and ‘Islamic sciences’, emphasizing the necessity for a ‘big picture’ that acknowledges the intricate histories of these areas. It traces the evolution of both fields, challenging the ‘conflict thesis’ and the ‘Golden Age’ narrative, and advocating for interdisciplinary perspectives that are global. This paper aims to advocate for an approach defining ‘science’ and ‘religion’ within their temporal and geographical contexts, to foster a deeper understanding of their intertwined histories.
Journal Article
A New Approach to the Spatialization of Religion: Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Religious Institutions in Debrecen (Hungary) between the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century and 2023
The aim of the article is to examine one of the neglected areas in the spatiality of religion, the spatial distribution of religious institutions and the changes that have taken place in this relation over time in the case of Debrecen, a specific city in Hungary, which has hosted several religions both in the past and present. The main findings are discussed in five subsections concentrating on five consecutive periods. During the period under study, the number of institutions run by churches increased steadily until the Second World War. This process was interrupted after the Second World War, and partly as a consequence of the world war (with the deportation of Jews to concentration camps) and partly due to the anti-religious nature of the socialist regime, there was a significant decline followed by a resumption of expansion after 1990. Regarding the location of the institutions within the city and its changes, there were significant differences between the various types of institutions (e.g., churches, administrative centres, kindergartens, elementary and grammar schools). Research primarily relied on document analysis and fieldwork.
Journal Article
Affirmative Orientalism: August Bebel, Islam, and World History
In 1884, during the period of the Socialist Laws, August Bebel took the time to publish a historical work entitled Die mohamedanisch- arabische Kulturperiode . In it Bebel positioned Islam and the early caliphates as the unacknowledged link between Greco-Roman traditions of knowledge and the blossoming of European culture that, he argued, had occurred since the Renaissance. He also used the book as an opportunity to reject claims that Christianity had played this key role in world historical progress. Through an examination and contextualization of Bebel's writings on Islam, this article shows how he viewed the role of different religious traditions within world history and how his views intersected with contemporary questions regarding the relationship between religion and socialism. The article also examines how Bebel's work fits within a longer tradition of socialist solidarity with the Ottoman Empire.
Journal Article
Globalizing ‘science and religion’: examples from the late Ottoman Empire
This article brings together insights from efforts to develop a global history of science and recent historical and sociological studies on the relations between science and religion. Using the case of the late Ottoman Empire as an example, it argues that ‘science and religion’ can be seen as a debate that travelled globally in the nineteenth century, generating new conceptualizations of both science and religion in many parts of the world. In their efforts to counter arguments that represented Islam as the enemy of science and progress, young Ottoman intellectuals wrote many texts addressing a specific European author, or an imagined, broad European audience in the mid- to late nineteenth century. These texts described a ‘science-friendly’ Islam of which not only Europeans but also ‘ignorant Muslims’ were unaware. Using examples from the Ottoman press, the article demonstrates how this effort involved separating Islam from the lived reality of Muslims, transforming the religion essentially into a text that referred to scientific facts or that instructed adherents to appreciate science. In their contributions to the debate on science and religion, these young intellectuals thus also defined themselves as the legitimate interpreters of Islam in the ‘age of science’.
Journal Article
From ‘mystic synthesis’ to ‘Jesuit plot’: The Society of Jesus and the making of religious policy in Indonesia
Since the 1990s, Indonesia has been confronted with the growing influence of a radical Islamist movement that challenges the state doctrine (Pancasila), which was adopted in 1945, and demands a greater place for Islam, which is the religion of nearly 90 per cent of the population. The hardline groups wish to call into question the Indonesian state’s pluralistic and inclusive religious identity, which they see as a conspiracy hatched by the Christian minority to deprive the Muslim majority of its ostensible rights. The Society of Jesus, which has been present in Java since the nineteenth century, is considered by Islamist critics as the main architect of this alleged plot. Furthermore, one of its members, Father Josephus Beek, is presented by Islamist radicals as one of the founders of the New Order (1966–1998), the regime led by General Suharto which was very hostile to political Islam in its early days. This article analyses how the Society of Jesus was able to integrate Catholicism into the Javanese spiritual landscape and explores the subsequent roles played by Jesuit leaders in the genesis and defence of Pancasila. It also sheds light on how Josephus Beek’s very real manoeuvres have provided fodder for militant Islamist circles seeking to delegitimate Indonesia’s secular status quo.
Journal Article
INTERTWINED HISTORIES: Muslim Domesticity and the Harem in the Eyes of a Swedish Nineteenth-Century Protestant Feminist
This article delves into the Swedish novelist and feminist Fredrika Bremer's views on female liberation by exploring her encounter with Muslim women in Jerusalem in the spring of 1859. It argues that Bremer's program for women's emancipation evokes similarities between women's situation in Scandinavia and Palestine. By insisting on such similarities, the author nuances Leila Ahmed's generalizing claim concerning the differences of interest that existed between European and Middle Eastern women in the nineteenth century, namely that European feminism helped maintain the system of white male dominance. For although Bremer maintains the idea of European superiority, she notices common interests with women in Palestine and upholds her critique of white patriarchy. The structure of the article follows the main themes evoked by Bremer in her conversations with Muslim women, namely religion, freedom of movement, literacy, and marriage. These issues were not innocent topics of conversation, but announced a radical program for female liberation. In order to contextualize Bremer's account, the article juxtaposes research on women, religion, and family patterns in Scandinavia and the Middle East.
Journal Article
Between 'Ḥarat al-Yahud' and 'Paris on the Nile': Social Mobility and Urban Culture among Jews in Twentieth-Century Cairo
In this article I examine out-migration from old Cairo's Ḥarat al-Yahud (The Jews' Alley) to that city's urban expansions in the late nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth. This migration was coupled with large-scale Jewish immigration to Cairo and intersected with its modern urban culture, which Jews shared with Muslim and Christian Cairenes. I argue that for Cairene Jews, these migrations, urban spaces, and regular itineraries within them held the promise of upward social mobility and integration into an urban middle-class culture that did not erase their Jewishness but removed it as a social barrier. This argument works against common narratives that saw Jewish Egyptians as foreigners living separately from Muslim Egyptians in another cultural milieu.
Journal Article
Becoming a Woman-Man
The phenomenon of female cross-dressing and gaining the social role of a man has been witnessed in the tribal patriarchal society of the remotest parts of the Dinaric region since the nineteenth century. Once found within both Slavic and Albanian populations, today sworn virgins have been rapidly vanishing, and are rarely still found in northern Albania. The fact that occurrence was equally common among Orthodox, Catholic, and Muslim populations in the remotest mountain regions points to the phenomenon's ancientness. As women who aspired to the social status of men, sworn virgins did not cease to be women; only the “degree” of their womanhood or manhood varied. Examining this social phenomenon as a third gender, this article contextualizes it through Judith Butler's theory of performativity. It also focuses on the relatedness of the phenomenon to the ancient past, turning to existing theories, but also providing an original contribution to the third gender debate.
Journal Article