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Cinnamomum verum and Cinnamomum cassia are widely used as spice and herbal medicine around the world. However, it is challenging to differentiate and make a quality evaluation for both Cinnamomum types due to their similarities in morphological features and general chemical composition using traditional analytical methods. In this study, a simple and efficient method was developed for the comprehensive evaluation of the two Cinnamomum, together with Cassia twig, by combining UPLC fingerprint analysis combined with quantitative analysis using two internal standards for the determination of multiple components (TSDMC). The content of 9 components (procyanidin B2, cinnamtannin B1, coumarin, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, 2'-methoxycinnamaldehyde, and eugenol) in samples was determined using reliable relative conversion factor factors that were obtained using procyanidin B2 and cinnamic acid as two internal reference standards. The quantitative results combined with chemometrics analysis were employed to identify these samples. This simple and reproducible method revealed great differences among the three Cinnamomum in their chemical composition and provides a promising method for accurate differentiation and quality evaluation for the three Cinnamomum.

The global population is aging, and intervention strategies for anti-aging and the prevention of aging-related diseases have become a topic actively explored today. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an important molecule in the metabolic process, and its content in tissues and cells decreases with age. The supplementation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), an important intermediate and precursor of NAD+, has increased NAD+ levels, and its safety has been demonstrated in rodents and human studies. However, the high content of NMN in natural plants has not been fully explored as herbal medicines for drug development. Here, we identified that the leaf of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (C. verum) was the highest NMN content among the Plant Extract Library (PEL) with food experience, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). To validate this result, the extraction and quantitative analysis of bark, leaf, root, and stem of fresh C. verum was conducted. The results revealed that the bark had the highest NMN content in C. verum (0.471 mg/100 g). Our study shed light on the prospects of developing natural plants in the context of NMN as drugs for anti-aging and prevention of aging-related diseases. The future should focus on the development and application of C. verum pharmaceutical formulations.

Rumex nervosus leaves (RNL) and Cinnamomum verum bark (CNB), phytogenic herbs, have received much attention in recent years for their antimicrobial properties; however, there is limited knowledge about their potential anticoccidial functions. The prophylactic effects of RNL and CNB were compared with salinomycin, a standard synthetic anticoccidial agent, in broilers experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 225) were randomly divided into nine groups. Birds were either fed a basal diet containing 1, 3, or 5 g RNL or 2, 4, or 6 g CNB/kg feed, or treated with salinomycin within the basal diet, or the infected (IUT) or non-infected (UUT) groups were fed a basal diet only. Birds infected (n = 25 bird/group) with 40,000 sporulated E. tenella oocysts/bird at d 21 except UUT. Bodweight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (p < .05) lower in IUT compared to UUT. On day 7 post-infection (DPI), birds treated with RNL, CNB, or salinomycin had fewer lesions in the caeca and a lower oocyst value, and a higher oocyst reduction rate in the faeces than birds in the IUT. Although RNL was not able to reduce weight loss caused by coccidiosis, CNB at 6 g improved FCR and production efficiency index (PEI) at 7 DPI compared to the infected groups. In conclusion, RNL at 5 g and CNB at 6 g have moderate anti-coccidial activity and could be used to treat poultry coccidiosis in the field. However, more research is needed to identify active ingredients that make it effective compared to commercially available drugs. HIGHLIGHTS Phytogenic feed additives prevented weight loss and caecum pathology in broiler chickens at risk of coccidiosis. Rumex nervosus leaves and Cinnamomum verum bark had similar effects to the coccidiostat salinomycin at high doses. Traditional medicinal plants are potential alternatives to pharmaceutical coccidiostats to promote the health and growth of broiler chickens.

The health of the mice used in research experiments is critical to their performance in obtaining correct and accurate data. The current research was done to determine the anthelmintic action of bark extracts (CVBE) in murine infection with . In vitro: The worms were divided into 6 groups: the 1 control, 2 with 10 mg/mL of Albendazole as a reference drug, and the 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 groups were treated with 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL of CVBE, and the test was done at 15, 30, 60, and 120, minutes In vivo: Utilized was twenty-fi ve adult female (C57BL/6) murine, natural infections with , were sectioned into fi ve treated, each containing 5 murine: 1 , was the non-treated (negative control), and 2 was regaled 100 μg/mL. 3 was regaled 200 μg/kg of CVBE for 5 days. 5 was infection and regaled 10 mg/kg mebendazole for 3 days. The GC-MS analysis of phytochemicals in CVBE alcoholic extract disclosed the availability of 20 effi cacious bioactive compounds accountable for worm death. Mortality was measured a dose- and time-dependent effects starting in 20, 40, 80, 120, and 180 mins. The death rate reached (96 % and 100 %) through 120 and 180 min at engagement 200 and 400 mg/mL of CVE. While the non-treated groups lasted many times without death. This study demonstrated that CVBE was effective and had potent anthelminthic activity.

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential growth and health promotion of Rumex nervosus leaves (RNL) and Cinnamomum verum bark (CVB) supplementation as phytogenic growth promoters on broilers. For 34 days, 540 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to nine groups. Birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1, 3, or 5 g/kg RNL, 2, 4, or 6 g/kg CVB. In addition, birds were fed the basal diet complemented with antibiotic (AGP), or basal diet without feed additive as controls. All bird vaccinated for IBV, IBDV, and NDV except negative control (NC). The selected indicators were measured and analysed. Broilers given 1 g RNL were numerically heavier at 34 days and gained more to a degree comparable to the AGP group (p = .053). The addition of CVB at 2 g resulted in the best-feed conversion up to 21 d (p = .04). Throughout the study, dietary treatments had no impact on feed intake. Except for ALT, none of the immune-related parameters or serum biochemical profile differed statistically between treatments when compared to vaccinated control group. When comparing the non-vaccinated un-treated group on day 34, vaccination increased significantly antibody titres to NDV and IBDV. In conclusion, dietary RNL and CVB, especially at low doses, attempted to maximise the performance without compromising health in broiler chickens under typical conditions. Further research into the use of natural herbs under challenging conditions is required to maximise performance, maintain animal productivity, and achieve the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic use in the poultry industry. Highlights Cinnamomum verum bark at a dose of 2 g/kg diet improved feed conversion ratio during the starter period. However, both selected herbs result unsatisfactory improvements in broiler performance at overall period under the ideal hygienic conditions. If broilers are exposed to bacterial challenges, phytogenic feed additives or even antibiotics may manifest their activity in promoting animal health and, as a result, growth performance. Low levels of hepatic enzymes at day 34 of age showed that birds' health was good. Cinnamon powder improves kidney function at day 21 by lowering serum creatinine levels with increasing dose (p < .05). Rumex nervosus leaves or Cinnamomum verum bark have hypoglycaemia activity on day 31 by lowering serum glucose levels as the dose is reduced.

We compared the outcomes of various concentrations of Cinnamomum verum bark powder (CNP), a natural product, to a conventional anticoccidial drug in induced Eimeria tenella infection in broilers aged 21 days. On day 21, 250 birds (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of 10 treatments, five of which had Eimeria tenella infection and five of which did not. Results 14 days post-infection (dpi) revealed that the treatments had a significant effect on body weight gain (BWG) and production efficiency factor (PEF). Although the 2 g CNP and Salinomycin (Sacox) treatments performed equally well, the 2 g CNP had the highest BWG and PEF under challenging conditions. Although the PEF improved satisfactorily at 14 dpi, the loss of BWG at 7 dpi did not compensate at 14 dpi. Challenged birds had longer and heavier small intestines, atrophiedceca, lower creatinine levels and higher eosinophils % than unchallenged birds. The elevation lesion score and oocyst secretion of challenged birds decreased with increasing cinnamon dosage. In conclusion, 6 g CNP as a natural product could be as effective as Sacox against occidiosis, with 2 g CNP performing best at 14 dpi. However, more research is required to fully understand its anticoccidial mechanisms. Highlights Cinnamomum verum bark may benefit broiler health by reducing Eimeria tenella oocysts. Under coccidial challenge, Cinnamomum verum bark at 2 g/kg diet may improve broiler body weight gain and production efficiency at 34 days of age (14 days post-infection). The lesion score and oocyst secretion of challenged birds decreased less as cinnamon dosage was increased.

Natural products hold significant potential in combating parasitic infections. Parasites belonging to the genus are responsible for coccidiosis, which affects a wide variety of livestock worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance to coccidia has prompted renewed efforts to discover novel chemicals for alternative therapeutic techniques. This research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of bark extract (CVBE) on behavior and the treatment of eimeriosis in mice. The study involved the examination of five groups of mice, with sporulation oocysts (1 × 10 ) being utilized to infect three groups by experimental means. The first group was the control, the second group was administered at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of CVBE only to test toxicity, and the third was the infected positive control. The fourth group was treated daily with 100 mg/kg of CVBE, while the fifth group received 50 mg/kg of amprolium via gavage. All mice were sedated using CO₂ and subsequently dissected for sample taking. Results FT-IR analysis, conducted using a Thermo Scientific optical spectrometer, revealed that CVBE contains 18 different phytochemical components. The administration of CVBE led to a significant decrease in the number of oocysts produced in the feces. Additionally, the parasite stages exhibited morphometric changes, with decreases in the measures compared with those of the infected but not treated mice. This improvement was accompanied by large increases in the number of goblet cells, which provided additional support for the effectiveness of CVBE as anticoccidial agents. The findings indicate that bark extract has effective effects in reducing the shedding of cysts, possesses anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity against jejunum injury induced by the parasite .

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of essential oils from the bark and the leaves of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (cinnamon bark oil and cinnamon leaf oil), when used as sensory additives (flavourings) in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. Owing to the presence of styrene in the essential oils under assessment, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to conclude on the safety for long‐living animals and animals for reproduction. For ‘short‐living’ animals, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that cinnamon bark oil and cinnamon leaf oil are considered as safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed. For ‘short‐living’ animals, the Panel considered the use of cinnamon bark oil in water for drinking as safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. For cinnamon leaf oil, the proposed use level in water for drinking of 3 mg/L is considered as safe for ‘short‐living’ animals. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of the additives at the use level considered safe in feed for the target species. Based on the presence of safrole ≥0.1%, cinnamon leaf oil and bark oil are classified as carcinogen (category 1B) and handled accordingly. The use of the additives under the proposed conditions in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since C. verum and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary for cinnamon essential oils.

In present research work Cinnamomum verum leaves (CL) and barks (CB) are exploited to encounter their effectiveness against the concentration of hexavalent chromium (Cr +6 metal ions) through biosorption process. To achieve this goal optimal conditions were set and broken into various parts such as; doses of adsorbents, concentrations of adsorbates, variations in contact and stirring time (5–100 min), temperatures (10 °C to 50 °C) and pHs from acidic to basic range (1 to 12). Thermodynamic parameters were also applied to validate the assay, which shows that the process is endothermic with positive ∆H° values, while negative values of ∆G° proved the spontaneous nature of sorption. Moreover, Lagergren’s kinetic equations were employed, which suggest that the observed reaction process followed the dynamics of pseudo-second order. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms namely Langmuir and Freundlich have been applied to study the adsorbate materials attraction towards Cr +6 metal ions. The determined adsorption capability, i.e. q e was found to be 11.33 and 26.85 mg/g acquired by CL and CB at 30 °C and 40 °C, respectively. FT-IR spectrums of loaded and unloaded metal ions were taken, which confirmed the participated functional groups of herbal plants in biosorption process. EDX analysis revealed the presence of Cr +6 metal ions after biosorption process. Furthermore, irregularities on surface of adsorbent material obtained from SEM images have provided more support to results for validation.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the bark of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (cinnamon tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a water/ethanol ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 0.9%. The product contains on average 0.344% polyphenols (of which 0.001% are flavonoids) and 0.001% cinnamaldehyde. Methyleugenol was present at the limit of detection in one out of the five batches examined. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that cinnamon tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use level of 50 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species except horses. For horses, the maximum proposed use level of 60 mg/kg complete feed is considered safe. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of cinnamon tincture up to the highest proposed use levels in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a skin and respiratory sensitiser. The use of the cinnamon tincture as a flavour in animal feed is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since C. verum and cinnamon bark extracts are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary for the tincture under application.