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Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history.Using rare archival materials, Walter Richmond chronicles the history of the war, describes in detail the final genocidal campaign, and follows the Circassians in diaspora through five generations as they struggle to survive and return home. He places the periods of acute genocide, 1821-1822 and 1863-1864, in the larger context of centuries of tension between the two nations and updates the story to the present day as the Circassian community works to gain international recognition of the genocide as the region prepares for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the site of the Russians' final victory.

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are widely used for self-medication, yet their misuse can lead to adverse outcomes. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes toward OTC drugs among Circassians and Chechens in Jordan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2022 using an online survey targeting Circassians and Chechens aged 18 and above. The questionnaire was validated by clinical researchers and consisted of demographic data and questions on OTC drug use, awareness, and attitudes. Data from 418 participants were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with a significant level of p < 0.05. The majority of participants were female (76.1%), married (78.5%), and almost half of the participants held a non-medical bachelor's degree (49.3%). Analgesics (73.9%) and vitamins (56.7%) were the most used OTC drugs. Headache (65.6%), musculoskeletal pain (33.7%), and the common cold (25.4%) were the primary reasons for self-medication. Most participants (53.8%) expressed strong interest in knowing the side effects and contraindications of OTC drugs, while 72.5% checked expiry dates before use. Notably, 50.2% disagreed with the statement that OTC products have no side effects. Age and educational level were significantly associated with self-medication practices (p < 0.05). Circassians and Chechens in Jordan exhibit high awareness of the risks associated with OTC drug use, yet self-medication practices remain prevalent. Public health interventions should focus on education campaigns to mitigate potential misuse and promote safe practices.

Tracing to the roots of a community identity can be possible only by uncovering the places of the living and the dead. Therefore, the manners of defining the identity of their own community emerge in its dependence within the place. In the context of place and identity dependence, it can be assumed that the death and its rituals can give traces in terms of expressions of identity. In this point of view, cemeteries as ritual spaces for death, one of the rites de passage, have a function in the construction process of the cultural identity. Since there are many Circassian villages in Uzunyayla extended along in Kayseri and Sivas, it is considered as one of the regions in Turkey where Circassians are densely populated. Moreover, although the geographical features of the region are not similar to Caucasia, Uzunyayla is named as “Little Caucasia” by its people because of preserving and sustaining the Circassian traditions. Thus, this article includes the identity constructions of the people who identify themselves as Circassian and live in Kayseri through the dead bodies and graves as the ritual spaces for death. The aim of this article is to reveal the role of dead body and its place (grave) in keeping the community identity alive in the context of place and identity relations. The data of this study collected in a fieldwork conducted in between July 2016 and December 2018. This fieldwork was carried out with Circassians living in the city centre. Qualitative research method was used in this study, and semi structured interviews were conducted along with participant observation. The research reveals that Circassians in Kayseri city centre feature death practices and deathscapes in addition to their daily life for sustaining their Circassian identity. They also use their family signets and flag symbols of the Adyghe Republic in their graves and in their daily life as well.

Against Massacre looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to the First World War. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, Davide Rodogno explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire and brings a new view to this international practice for the contemporary era.

This paper provides an autosegmental analysis of phonological alternations in Kabardian, an Abhkaz-Adyghean language. It illustrates how several phonological re-write rules, postulated in Colarusso’s (1992) phonological analysis of Kabardian which, in some cases, lacks adequate explanation, may be uniformly reinterpreted as instances of mapping between the segmental tier and the skeletal tier in an autosegmental approach. In doing so, this paper illustrates a case where the skeletal make-up of a language may be dominant over underlying segments and be crucial in determining the output forms of a language, a process which may be translated into high-ranking constraints under a constraint-based framework. This paper, therefore, provides a more economical and explanatorily adequate analysis of Kabardian phonological alternations.

This article recounts the story of how the Circassians have been able to raise awareness of their deportation in the 1860s during the Caucasian Wars. After a brief methodology the authors provide an overview of the Circassian history. The second section analyses the period when the Circassian population came under Russian rule after the 1860s. The third part focuses on three broad approaches or strategies used by several Circassian groups to increase the awareness of the Circassian subjugation in the 1860s. The last two sections discuss some of the changes that have occurred as a direct result of the work undertaken by Circassian organisations. The authours argue that the Circassians have created lieux de mémoire, especially since the beginning of the 1990s, what does not always overlap with the dominant Russian perception of history in the North Caucasus. The analysis demonstrates how the Circassians have (re)discovered their story and the impact of this new information on their actions.

In August 1935, British authorities tipped off Ankara about a team of assassins who were allegedly headed for Turkey to assassinate its president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Within a month, the Turkish authorities arrested a number of suspects in the Turkish-Syrian borderland, and began to pressure London to extradite the Circassian masterminds of the plot who were then living in the British mandate territories of Palestine and Transjordan. This article examines how the British tip-off quickly evolved into an episode fully publicized by the Kemalist regime, exploring the ways in which the alleged conspiracy helped consolidate Ankara’s ideological positions at home and pursue its long sought-after policies abroad. This curious episode illustrates the political and socioeconomic relevance of imperial networks that continued to crisscross the post-Ottoman Middle East. On a more analytical level, the conspiracy helps us understand the complex interaction between intelligence and rumors, and in so doing, shows both empirical limits and opportunities in approaching them as a field of historical inquiry.

Maps and borders notwithstanding, some places are best described as \"gaps\"--places with repeatedly contested boundaries that are wedged in between other places that have clear boundaries. This book explores an iconic example of this in the contemporary Western imagination: the Balkans. Drawing on richly detailed ethnographic research around the Greek-Albanian border, Sarah Green focuses her groundbreaking analysis on the ambiguities of never quite resolving where or what places are. One consequence for some Greek peoples in this border area is a seeming lack of distinction--but in a distinctly \"Balkan\" way. In gaps (which are never empty), marginality is, in contrast with conventional understandings, not a matter of difference and separation--it is a lack thereof. Notes from the Balkans represents the first ethnographic approach to exploring \"the Balkans\" as an ideological concept. Green argues that, rather than representing a tension between \"West\" and \"East,\" the Balkans makes such oppositions ambiguous. This kind of marginality means that such places and peoples can hardly engage with \"multiculturalism.\" Moreover, the region's ambiguity threatens clear, modernist distinctions. The violence so closely associated with the region can therefore be seen as part of continual attempts to resolve the ambiguities by imposing fixed separations. And every time this fails, the region is once again defined as a place that will continually proliferate such dangerous ambiguity, and could spread it somewhere else.