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Routledge Handbook of Citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa
This comprehensive Handbook gives an overview of the political, social, economic and legal dimensions of citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa from the nineteenth century to the present.
The terms citizen and citizenship are mostly used by researchers in an off-hand, self-evident manner. A citizen is assumed to have standard rights and duties that everyone enjoys. However, citizenship is a complex legal, social, economic, cultural, ethical and religious concept and practice. Since the rise of the modern bureaucratic state, in each country of the Middle East and North Africa, citizenship has developed differently. In addition, rights are highly differentiated within one country, ranging from privileged, underprivileged and discriminated citizens to non-citizens. Through its dual nature as instrument of state control, as well as a source of citizen rights and entitlements, citizenship provides crucial insights into state-citizen relations and the services the state provides, as well as the way citizens respond to these actions.
This volume focuses on five themes that cover the crucial dimensions of citizenship in the region:
Historical trajectory of citizenship since the nineteenth century until independence
Creation of citizenship from above by the state
Different discourses of rights and forms of contestation developed by social movements and society
Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion
Politics of citizenship, nationality and migration
Covering the main dimensions of citizenship, this multidisciplinary book is a key resource for students and scholars interested in citizenship, politics, economics, history, migration and refugees in the Middle East and North Africa.
eBook
Living Politics in South Africa's Urban Shacklands
While much has been written on post-apartheid social movements in South Africa, most discussion centers on ideal forms of movements, disregarding the reality and agency of the activists themselves. In Living Politics, Kerry Ryan Chance radically flips the conversation by focusing on the actual language and humanity of post-apartheid activists rather than the external, idealistic commentary of old.
Tracking everyday practices and interactions between poor residents and state agents in South Africa's shack settlements, Chance investigates the rise of nationwide protests since the late 1990s. Based on ethnography in Durban, Cape Town, and Johannesburg, the book analyzes the criminalization of popular forms of politics that were foundational to South Africa's celebrated democratic transition. Chance argues that we can best grasp the increasingly murky line between \"the criminal\" and \"the political\" with a \"politics of living\" that casts slum and state in opposition to one another. Living Politics shows us how legitimate domains of politics are redefined, how state sovereignty is forcibly enacted, and how the production of new citizen identities crystallize at the intersections of race, gender, and class.
eBook
From Revolution to Rights in South Africa
Critics of liberalism in Europe and North America argue that a stress on 'rights talk' and identity politics has led to fragmentation, individualisation and depoliticisation. But are these developments really signs of 'the end of politics'? In the post-colonial, post-apartheid, neo-liberal new South Africa poor and marginalised citizens continue to struggle for land, housing and health care. They must respond to uncertainty and radical contingencies on a daily basis. This requires multiple strategies, an engaged, practised citizenship, one that links the daily struggle to well organised mobilisation around claiming rights. Robins argues for the continued importance of NGOs, social movements and other 'civil society' actors in creating new forms of citizenship and democracy. He goes beyond the sanitised prescriptions of 'good governance' so often touted by development agencies. Instead he argues for a complex, hybrid and ambiguous relationship between civil society and the state, where new negotiations around citizenship emerge. Steven L. Robins is Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Stellenbosch and editor of Limits to Liberation after Apartheid (James Currey).
eBook
Global Tensions and Articulations in the Twenty-First Century Politics, and the Need to Reconceptualise Citizenship Education
It seems, three decades into the twenty-first century, as if the interrelated trends of deglobalization, regressive nationalism, populism, and identity politics are gaining traction worldwide, thereby embodying inclinations that seem to be the opposite of those in preceding decades. Citizenship Education, both as a broad academic discipline and as a school subject, appears to be a suitable vehicle for addressing and even countering these new global trends, if and when required. The first part of this paper surveys and assesses the aforementioned global political trends that are currently unfolding. This is followed by considering whether these trends can be countered by citizenship as a broad academic discipline, and by Citizenship Education as a subject taught in schools. The historical evolution and present state of citizenship education are reconstructed and assessed. The article concludes with arguments aimed at reconceptualising Citizenship Education as a school subject capable of successfully countering current political trends, if required.
Journal Article
The arts of citizenship in African cities : infrastructures and spaces of belonging
The Arts of Citizenship in African Cities pushes the frontiers of how we understand cities and citizenship and offers new perspectives on African urbanism. Nuanced ethnographic analyses of life in an array of African cities illuminate the emergent infrastructures and spaces of belonging through which urban lives and politics are being forged.
eBook
Africa's Fear of Itself: the ideology of Makwerekwere in South Africa
Since the collapse of apartheid, the figure of Makwerekwere has been constructed and deployed in South Africa to render Africans from outside the borders orderable as the nation's bogeyman. Waves of violence against Makwerekwere have characterised South Africa since then, the largest of which broke out in May 2008 in the Johannesburg shantytown of Alexander. It quickly spread throughout the country. The militants were black citizens who exclusively targeted African foreign nationals, with some witnesses reporting grotesque scenes of sadistic behaviour. So far these violent spurts have been described as xenophobia, overlooking the history of colonial group relations in South Africa. From the perspective of this article, the history of colonial group relations cannot be overlooked, for the relations between citizens and non-citizens are extended shadows of this history. I argue that, rather than rushing to characterise these relations as xenophobia, we should factor in the history of colonial group relations and the extent to which the post-apartheid ideology of Makwerekwere and South Africa's 'we-image' vis-à-vis the rest of Africa may bear the imprints of this history.
Journal Article
Consumers’ sovereignty and W. H. Hutt’s critique of the color bar
Humanomics recovers economics as a moral science involving morally and emotionally complex human beings. Tragically, people create and defend institutions that suppress economic and social opportunities forcibly based on arbitrary characteristics like race and nationality. W.H. Hutt contributed to humanomics by studying the origins and consequences of racist institutions, particularly the labor market regulations comprising South Africa’s color bar. White South Africans limited job opportunities for Black workers and these limitations became the basis for Apartheid in the second half of the twentieth century. Hutt did not shy away from analyzing the causes and consequences of people’s biases; rather, he sought to understand them and argued that consumers’ sovereignty was the cure. Furthermore, Hutt’s political economy recognized how economists needed to account for human sentiments—especially anger about past injustice—in considering how to design political rules in transitions toward a more open and equitable society. In short, Hutt recognized that people are moral and immoral and prone to biases based on social identity, and he used those insights to articulate a principled defense of markets. As such, Hutt was both a defender of individual choice and an economist who saw “economic agents” as human beings, flaws and all.
Journal Article
Citizenship Prepaid: Water, Calculability, and Techno-Politics in South Africa
Since the first general elections in 1994, the post-apartheid state has been faced by widespread non-payment of service charges in townships, often interpreted as a 'culture of non-payment' held to stem from the anti-apartheid rent boycotts of the 1980s. After the spectacular failure of a campaign to encourage payment for services, and in a context of neoliberal reforms prescribing 'cost recovery', many municipalities resorted to the large-scale deployment of prepaid meters, devices that self-disconnect households following non-payment. This article focuses on Operation Gcin'amanzi (Zulu for 'Save Water'), a controversial large-scale project initiated by the recently corporatised utility, Johannesburg Water, to install prepaid water meters in all Soweto households. Taking this project and the protests against it as a point of departure, I trace the history of prepayment technology in South Africa from its initial development as a depoliticising device in the context of the rent boycotts, to its present deployment in the context of 'cost recovery' and neoliberal reforms. While the origins of the meter remain inscribed in the technology, in the post-apartheid period the prepaid meter has been re-rationalised as a pedagogical device 'aiding' residents to calculate and economise their water consumption. This entailed creation of what Michel Callon has called 'spaces of calculability', forcing especially poor Soweto residents to subject their daily consumption practices to a constant metrological scrutiny. I conclude by suggesting that the history of prepayment is indicative of the larger problematic of citizenship in a context of post-apartheid neoliberal reforms. Inclusion in and connection to the state here becomes contingent upon the successful performance of an ethic that fuses civic duty and entrepreneurial comportment. Simultaneously, the aspiration to bring into being calculative citizens, licenses the recourse to illiberal political techniques.
Journal Article
Working the system in sub-Saharan Africa : global values, national citizenship and local politics in historical perspective
What is the extent to which democracy, good governance, liberal citizenship and development are negotiated and shaped in sub-Saharan African countries in the context of the globalised world? Is this a characteristic of the current historical era alone? Do global ideas about politics and development in sub-Saharan Africa take on new meanings in light of local circumstances and visions? The works presented in this volume offer context-based analyses that contribute to showing how local pract.
eBook