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The two most recent EU enlargements in May 2004 and in January 2007 have greatly increased the diversity of historic experiences and contemporary conceptions of statehood, nation-building and citizenship within the Union. How did newly formed states determine who would become their citizens? How do countries relate to their large emigrant communities, to ethnic kin minorities in neighbouring countries and to minorities in their own territory? And to which extent have their citizenship policies been affected by new immigration and integration into the European Union? Citizenship Policies in the New Europe describes the citizenship laws in each of the twelve new countries as well as in the accession states Croatia and Turkey and analyses their historical background. Citizenship Policies in the New Europe complements two volumes on Acquisition and Loss of Nationality in the fifteen old Member States published in the same series in 2006.

President Donald Trump proposed Feb. 25 an initiative to sell $5 million “gold cards” to wealthy individuals looking for a path to U.S. citizenship.

We examined the relationships between green human resource management practices, organizational identification, and green citizenship behaviors in the hotel industry. Our framework comprised 5 dimensions of green human resource management practices: green recruitment, green training, green performance management, green reward, and green involvement. We predicted that each dimension would positively influence frontline employees' organizational identification, and, in turn, their green organizational citizenship behaviors of eco-initiatives, eco-civic engagement, and eco-helping. Participants were 426 frontline employees working in Taiwanese hotels. Consistent with our predictions, each of the 5 green human resource management practices had a positive influence on organizational identification, which then positively affected green organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, green human resource management practices enhanced employees' green organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational identification was an effective mediator of the relationship between green human resource management practices and green organizational citizenship behavior. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

We examined the relationships between green human resource management practices, organizational identification, and green citizenship behaviors in the hotel industry. Our framework comprised 5 dimensions of green human resource management practices: green recruitment, green training, green performance management, green reward, and green involvement. We predicted that each dimension would positively influence frontline employees' organizational identification, and, in turn, their green organizational citizenship behaviors of eco-initiatives, eco-civic engagement, and eco-helping. Participants were 426 frontline employees working in Taiwanese hotels. Consistent with our predictions, each of the 5 green human resource management practices had a positive influence on organizational identification, which then positively affected green organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, green human resource management practices enhanced employees' green organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational identification was an effective mediator of the relationship between green human resource management practices and green organizational citizenship behavior. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

During the past 30 years, interest in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has grown substantially. Although much of the early empirical research in this domain was directed at the individual level of analysis, more recently, researchers have focused their attention on identifying the outcomes of group-level or unit-level OCBs, as well as the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of the relationships between OCBs and unit-level outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a summary of the extant literature in this area. First, we discuss the applicability of the types of OCB to the unit level of analysis. Following this, we provide a summary of the literature examining outcomes of unit-level OCBs, with particular attention paid to the mediators and moderators of the relationship between OCBs and unit effectiveness. Next, we examine the methodological characteristics of studies conducted in this research domain. Finally, we make a series of conceptual and methodological recommendations regarding future research on the consequences of unit-level OCBs.

In the years between the American Revolution and the U.S. Civil War, as legal and cultural understandings of citizenship became more racially restrictive, black writers articulated an expansive, practice-based theory of citizenship. Grounded in political participation, mutual aid, critique and revolution, and the myriad daily interactions between people living in the same spaces, citizenship, they argued, is not defined by who one is but, rather, by what one does.In The Practice of Citizenship, Derrick R. Spires examines the parallel development of early black print culture and legal and cultural understandings of U.S. citizenship, beginning in 1787, with the framing of the federal Constitution and the founding of the Free African Society by Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, and ending in 1861, with the onset of the Civil War. Between these two points he recovers understudied figures such as William J. Wilson, whose 1859 \"Afric-American Picture Gallery\" appeared in seven installments in The Anglo-African Magazine, and the physician, abolitionist, and essayist James McCune Smith. He places texts such as the proceedings of black state conventions alongside considerations of canonical figures such as Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Frederick Douglass.Reading black print culture as a space where citizenship was both theorized and practiced, Spires reveals the degree to which concepts of black citizenship emerged through a highly creative and diverse community of letters, not easily reducible to representative figures or genres. From petitions to Congress to Frances Harper's parlor fiction, black writers framed citizenship both explicitly and implicitly, the book demonstrates, not simply as a response to white supremacy but as a matter of course in the shaping of their own communities and in meeting their own political, social, and cultural needs.