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At one point during the carefully orchestrated, prerecorded meeting of the Russian Presidential Security Council, Sergei Naryshkin, director of Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, said he favored including the regions of Donetsk and Luhansk as part of Russian territory, but Putin quickly corrected him.

The killing of George Floyd last summer reignited a long-running debate about policing across the nation. In Austin, community and city council members have demanded a transformation in policing and public safety.

The urban street network is one of the most permanent features of cities. Once laid down, the pattern of streets determines urban form and the level of sprawl for decades to come. We present a high-resolution time series of urban sprawl, as measured through street network connectivity, in the United States from 1920 to 2012. Sprawl started well before private car ownership was dominant and grew steadily until the mid-1990s. Over the last two decades, however, new streets have become significantly more connected and grid-like; the peak in street-network sprawl in the United States occurred in ∼1994. By one measure of connectivity, the mean nodal degree of intersections, sprawl fell by ∼9% between 1994 and 2012. We analyze spatial variation in these changes and demonstrate the persistence of sprawl. Places that were built with a low-connectivity street network tend to stay that way, even as the network expands. We also find suggestive evidence that local government policies impact sprawl, as the largest increases in connectivity have occurred in places with policies to promote gridded streets and similar New Urbanist design principles. We provide for public use a county-level version of our street-network sprawl dataset comprising a time series of nearly 100 y.

How urban infrastructure is funded, financed and governed is a central issue for states at the national, city-regional and city scales. Urban infrastructure is being financialised by financial and state actors and transformed into an asset in the international investment landscape. Local governments are being compelled by national state and financial institutions to be more entrepreneurial in their infrastructure funding and financing and to reorganise their governance arrangements. This article explains the socially and spatially uneven unfolding and implications of urban infrastructure financialisation and local government attempts to implement more entrepreneurial practices and governance forms. The empirical focus is the City Deals in the UK: a new form of urban governance and infrastructure investment based upon negotiated central–local government agreements on decentralised powers, responsibilities and resources. The continued authority of the highly centralised UK national state, its managerialist institutions and conservative/risk-averse administrative culture have constrained urban infrastructure financialisation and entrepreneurial urban governance in the UK City Deals. Situated in their particular spatial, temporal, political-economic and institutional settings, financialisation is understood as a socially and spatially variegated process and urban governance is interpreted as the articulation and mixing of new entrepreneurial and enduring managerialist forms. 城市基础设施如何得到资助、融资和治理是各国在全国、城市区域和城市层面上都遇到的核心问题。城市基础设施正在被金融机构和政府机构金融化，转化为国际投资舞台上的资产。各国政府和金融机构迫使地方政府在基础设施资助和融资方面更具企业精神，并改变其治理安排结构。针对城市基础设施金融化和地方政府实施更具企业精神的实践和治理形式的努力，本文解释了其在社会和空间层面的不均衡分布及隐含意义。我们在经验研究上关注英国的“城市交易”（City Deal）：在中央政府与地方政府就权责和资源下放谈成的协议基础上开展城市治理和基础设施投资的新形式。英国高度集权的政府文化带来了国家的持久权威，加上其管理主义机构和保守/风险规避式行政文化，限制了英国城市交易中的城市基础设施金融化和企业家城市治理。将金融化置于其特定的空间、时间、政治经济和制度环境中，我们将金融化理解为社会和空间多层分化的过程，把城市治理解释为新的企业管理形式与长期存在的管理主义形式的衔接和混合。

What drives local decisions to prohibit industrial land uses? This study examines the passage of municipal ordinances prohibiting gas development using hydraulic fracturing (\"fracking\") in New York State. I argue that local action against fracking depended on multiple conceptions of the shale gas industry. Matching these alternative conceptions with prevailing spatial models of public response to industrial land uses—\"not in my backyard,\" \"not in anyone's backyard,\" and \"please in my backyard\"—improves our understanding of where local contention might emerge and how it contributes to policy change. Results from event history and logistic regression analyses show, first, that communities lying above favorable areas of the shale did not pass anti-fracking laws because opposition to fracking was counteracted by significant local support for development. Fracking bans passed primarily in a geographic sweet spot on the periphery of targeted regions, where little or no compelling economic interest in development existed. Second, as fracking became the subject of a highly politicized national debate, local opposition increasingly reflected mobilization by political liberals. This trend is reflected in the increasing rate of ordinance adoption among Democratic-leaning communities outside the geographic sweet spot.

On April 18th, just 37 days after The World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a global pandemic, Alpha Psi Chapter of George State Organization was scheduled to hold its quarterly chapter meeting. This meeting had been planned within a week of Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms calling for a shelter-in-place ordinance for the city of Atlanta. I did not think anyone would have much interest in attending a quarterly meeting of DKG. Adding to the pandemic challenge and city ordinance of practicing social distancing, the majority of Alpha Psi's members are retired educators, many with minimal technology use or experience. As president of the chapter, I called around to check on a few members, who expressed more significant concerns such as helping family members who had tested positive for the virus. Ultimately, sustaining and thriving in an organization is about inclusive engagement among the members. To accomplish this, leadership has to be intentional, and one must always remember--it truly takes a village.

Objectives. To identify lessons learned from implementation of the nation’s first sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) excise tax in 2015 in Berkeley, California. Methods. We interviewed city stakeholders and SSB distributors and retailers (n = 48) from June 2015 to April 2017 and analyzed records through January 2019. Results. Lessons included the importance of thorough and timely communications with distributors and retailers, adequate lead time for implementation, advisory commissions for revenue allocations, and funding of staff, communications, and evaluation before tax collection begins. Early and robust outreach about the tax and programs funded can promote and sustain public support, reduce friction, and facilitate beverage price increases on SSBs only. No retailer reported raising food prices, indicating that Berkeley’s SSB tax did not function as a “grocery tax,” as industry claimed. Revenue allocations totaled more than $9 million for public health, nutrition, and health equity through 2021. Conclusions. The policy package, context, and implementation process facilitated translating policy into public health outcomes. Further research is needed to understand long-term facilitators and barriers to sustaining public health benefits of Berkeley’s tax and how those differ from facilitators and barriers in jurisdictions facing significant industry-funded repeal efforts.

American cities are under attack. The last few years have witnessed an explosion of preemptive legislation challenging and overriding municipal ordinances across a wide range of policy areas. State-city conflicts over the municipal minimum wage, LGBT antidiscrimination, and sanctuary city laws have garnered the most attention, but these conflicts are representative of a larger trend toward state aggrandizement. These legal challenges to municipal regulation have been accompanied by an increasingly shrill anticity politics, emanating from both state and federal officials. This Article describes this politics by way of assessing the nature of-and reasons for- the hostility to city lawmaking. It argues that anti-urbanism is a longstanding and enduring feature of American federalism and seeks to understand how a constitutional system overtly dedicated to the principles of devolution can be so hostile to the exercise of municipal power. The Article also provides a current accounting of state preemptive legislation and assesses the cities ' potential legal and political defenses. It concludes that, without a significant rethinking of state-based federalism, the American city is likely to remain vulnerable.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how senior management can create work environments conducive to ethical behavior in organizations through the use of sales managers’ professionalism and professional identification. The study also aims to demonstrate the influence of professional identification in occupations other than those requiring certification. Design/methodology/approach This study conceptualizes and tests a model using data collected from a survey panel of 350 sales managers. To test the hypotheses, this study makes use of covariance structured analysis. Findings The results demonstrate the importance of developing sales managers’ professionalism as an antecedent to professional identification. The findings also show professional identification positively affects professional ethical values, work-related norms and occupational commitment. This study finds that work-related norms moderate the relationship between professional ethical values and ethical intentions and directly and positively influence ethical intentions. Research limitations/implications This study used a panel sampling technique and these findings cannot be generalized to other populations. This study recommends that this study is replicated not only with sales managers but also with other categories of marketers. This study also highlights that more work using methods such as longitudinal panel data and experimentation is required to validate the current findings. Practical implications The findings are of particular interest to senior managers and managers of professional associations, as well as other sales practitioners. Because ethical intentions are affected by work-related norms and from an interaction between work-related norms and professional ethical values, senior managers need to ensure both the work activities in which their staff are involved and the professional ethical values of their employees contribute to appropriate ethical intentions. Originality/value This study introduces professional identification into the sales ethics literature and theorize relationships among the professionalism of sales managers and their professional identification, work-related norms, professional ethical values, occupational commitment and ethical intentions. This study empirically measures the professionalism of sales managers.

Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and his mittens were a thing at the inauguration of President Biden on Jan. 20.