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Many investigations have highlighted the importance of 32 indicators of RVA method and its modified framework in the evaluation of inter-annual and/or intra-annual low and high flow variability in river systems. Yet none of the previous investigations have taken inter-annual and intra-annual minimum e-flow variability for preserving aquatic organisms, especially in dry periods. To this end, this study proposed a procedure which consisted of modified 72 hydrologic indicators and Tennant method and applied the procedure to five sub-watersheds of Damodar catchment, India. Results showed (1) high intra-annual and inter-annual variability of all indicators within water years; (2) that none of the studied watersheds met the 10% minimum flow criterion for poor habitat conditions as recommended by Tennant method in dry years and as well as most of time none of the watersheds exhibited the availability of assured e-flow in all water years; and (3) that aquatic organisms of the catchment would become more vulnerable in the future.

This article investigates the impact of quick courts on firms' contracting behavior and economic performance. In 2002, the Code of Civil Procedure Amendment Act was enacted in India to facilitate speedy disposal of civil suits. Some State High Courts had already enacted some of the amendments contained in this reform a long time ago. This spatial variation in the reform's implementation is used to identify the effect of court speed on firms' behavior. Using data on small firms, I find that the reform led to fewer breaches of contract, encouraged investment, and facilitated access to finance.

Rapidly increasing population of Kolkata metropolitan city has led to encroachment in the marshy areas, mainly Salt Lake and Rajarhat in the outskirts of the city. Haphazard and unplanned construction in the city and on marshy land-filled regions has rendered the city vulnerable to liquefaction in the event of earthquakes. Liquefaction potential in terms of factor of safety (FS) for silty clay and silty sand has been evaluated by deterministic procedures of Boulanger and Idriss (Evaluating the potential for liquefaction or cyclic failure of silts and clays. Centre for Geotechnical Modelling. Report No. UCD/CGM-04/01, 2004; CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures. Centre for Geotechnical Modelling. Report No. UCD/CGM-14/01, 2014), respectively, for the study area. Probability of liquefaction (PL) values were determined using first order second moment (FOSM) reliability method and using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software, liquefaction hazard maps were constructed based on factor of safety and probability of liquefaction values at depths 7 m, 15 m and 25 m. Using nonlinear regression analysis, an attempt has been made to correlate PL with its corresponding FS values. Logistic function was utilized and PL–FS relations along with their fitted curves were obtained for silty clay, silty sand as well as for all soils considered in the present study. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on random variables, undrained shear strength (Su), N-value for equivalent clean sand ((N1)60CS), total overburden pressure (σv), effective overburden pressure (σ'v), maximum horizontal acceleration (amax), stress reduction factor (rd) and magnitude scaling factor (MSF), by increasing their coefficient of variation by 10%, 20% and 30%. Sensitivity index for all the parameters were determined which showed that Su and ((N1)60CS are the most sensitive while σv and σ'v being the least sensitive parameters.

The right to silence and the presumption of innocence are fundamental to fair criminal proceedings. Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) permits courts in India to question the accused, allowing them to explain incriminating evidence. However, judicial interpretations of this provision have raised concerns about undermining these essential rights. This paper critically examines the evolving interpretations of Section 313 of the CrPC and their implications for the right to silence and the presumption of innocence. It argues that current judicial practices have turned the right to remain silent into a duty to provide explanations, contradicting natural justice principles. This study addresses three key questions: (1) How has the interpretation of Section 313 of the CrPC evolved in Indian jurisprudence, and what impact does this have on the accused’s right to remain silent? (2) In what ways does the current application of Section 313 of the CrPC conflict with Article 20(3) of the Constitution, which protects against self-incrimination? (3) What are the potential consequences of misapplying Section 313 on the presumption of innocence, and how can these issues be remedied through judicial or legislative reforms? The paper concludes with recommendations to preserve the integrity of the criminal justice system and ensure robust protection of the right to silence and the presumption of innocence. El derecho al silencio y la presunción de inocencia son fundamentales para un proceso penal justo. El artículo 313 del Código de Procedimiento Penal de 1973 (CrPC) permite a los tribunales de la India interrogar al acusado y permitirle explicar las pruebas incriminatorias. Sin embargo, las interpretaciones judiciales de esta disposición han suscitado preocupación por la posibilidad de que se socaven estos derechos esenciales. Este artículo examina críticamente la evolución de las interpretaciones de la Sección 313 CrPC y sus implicaciones para el derecho al silencio y la presunción de inocencia. Sostiene que las prácticas judiciales actuales han convertido el derecho a guardar silencio en un deber de dar explicaciones, contradiciendo los principios de la justicia natural. Este estudio aborda tres preguntas clave: ¿Cómo ha evolucionado la interpretación del artículo 313 del CrPC en la jurisprudencia india y qué impacto tiene esto en el derecho del acusado a guardar silencio? ¿De qué manera la aplicación actual de la Sección 313 CrPC entra en conflicto con el Artículo 20(3) de la Constitución, que protege contra la autoincriminación? ¿Cuáles son las posibles consecuencias de una mala aplicación del artículo 313 sobre la presunción de inocencia y cómo se pueden remediar estas cuestiones mediante reformas judiciales o legislativas? El documento concluye con recomendaciones para preservar la integridad del sistema de justicia penal y garantizar una protección sólida del derecho al silencio y la presunción de inocencia. Le droit au silence et la présomption d’innocence sont fondamentaux pour une procédure pénale équitable. L’article 313 du Code de procédure pénale de 1973 (CrPC) autorise les tribunaux indiens à interroger l’accusé, leur permettant ainsi d’expliquer les preuves à charge. Cependant, les interprétations judiciaires de cette disposition ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la possibilité de porter atteinte à ces droits essentiels. Cet article examine de manière critique l’évolution des interprétations de l’article 313 du CrPC et leurs implications pour le droit au silence et la présomption d’innocence. Il soutient que les pratiques judiciaires actuelles ont transformé le droit de garder le silence en un devoir de fournir des explications, en contradiction avec les principes de justice naturelle. Cette étude répond à trois questions clés : Comment l’interprétation de l’article 313 du CrPC a-t-elle évolué dans la jurisprudence indienne, et quel impact cela a-t-il sur le droit de l’accusé de garder le silence ? En quoi l’application actuelle de l’article 313 du CrPC est-elle en contradiction avec l’article 20(3) de la Constitution, qui protège contre l’auto-incrimination ? Quelles sont les conséquences potentielles d’une mauvaise application de l’article 313 sur la présomption d’innocence, et comment ces problèmes peuvent-ils être résolus par des réformes judiciaires ou législatives ? Le document se termine par des recommandations visant à préserver l’intégrité du système de justice pénale et à garantir une protection solide du droit au silence et de la présomption d’innocence. 沉默权和无罪推定是公平刑事诉讼的基础。1973 年⟪刑事诉讼法⟫第 313 条允许印度法院询问被告，允许他们解释定罪证据。然而，司法部门对这一条款的解释引发了对这些基本权利的破坏。本文批判性地审视了⟪刑事诉讼法⟫第 313 条的演变解释及其对沉默权和无罪推定的影响。它认为，当前的司法实践已将保持沉默的权利变成了提供解释的义务，这与自然正义原则相矛盾。本研究解决了三个关键问题： ⟪刑事诉讼法⟫第 313 条的解释在印度法学中是如何演变的，这对被告保持沉默的权利有何影响？ ⟪刑事诉讼法⟫第 313 条的当前应用在哪些方面与⟪宪法⟫第 20(3) 条相冲突，该条保护被告不自证其罪？ 误用第 313 条关于无罪推定的规定可能产生什么后果？如何通过司法或立法改革来解决这些问题？ 本文最后提出了建议，以维护刑事司法系统的完整性，并确保对沉默权和无罪推定的有力保护。 إن الحق في الصمت وافتراض البراءة أمران أساسيان لإجراءات جنائية عادلة، وتسمح المادة 313 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية لعام 1973 للمحاكم في الهند باستجواب المتهمين، مما يسمح لهم بتفسير أدلة التجريم وقد أثار هذا الحكم مخاوف بشأن تقويض هذه الحقوق الأساسية. وتدرس هذه الورقة بشكل نقدي التفسيرات المتطورة للمادة 313 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية وآثارها على الحق في الصمت وافتراض البراءة، وتجادل بأن الممارسات القضائية الحالية قد حولت الحق في التزام الصمت في واجب تقديم تفسيرات تتعارض مع مبادئ العدالة الطبيعية تتناول هذه الدراسة ثلاثة أسئلة رئيسية :كيف تطور تفسير المادة 313 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية في الفقه الهندي، وما تأثير ذلك على حق المتهم في التزام الصمت؟ ما هي الطرق التي يتعارض بها التطبيق الحالي للمادة 313 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية مع المادة 20 (3) من الدستور، التي تحمي من تجريم الذات؟ ما هي العواقب المحتملة لسوء تطبيق المادة 313 بشأن افتراض البراءة، وكيف يمكن معالجة هذه القضايا من خلال الإصلاحات القضائية أو التشريعية؟ وتختتم الورقة بتوصيات للحفاظ على نزاهة نظام العدالة الجنائية وضمان حماية قوية للحق في الصمت وافتراض البراءة.

The inclined coal pillars, formed during the underground extraction of the inclined coal seam, are different from the flat coal pillars due to the high strength anisotropy of the inclined bedded rock, and the asymmetrical stress distribution. To ease the manoeuvring of the men and machinery in the inclined coal mine, the pillars are developed along the apparent dip. Thus, the pillars become rhombus-shaped with acute-angled corners which crush rapidly due to the high stress concentration. No suitable formula is found to estimate the strength of the inclined coal pillar that incorporates all these factors. Thus, the use of the available coal pillar strength formulae may endanger the extraction of the inclined coal seams. This study elucidates the procedures to estimate the strength of the inclined coal pillars by the numerical modelling technique. The ubiquitous joint model is used to simulate the shearing characteristics of the inclined strata. The parametric study shows that the strength of the inclined coal pillars decreases with the increase of the dip of the coal seams. It is also obtained that the strength of the pillars decreases with the decrease of the value of the acute angle of the corners. The peak stress distribution and the strain accumulation over the inclined pillars at the time of failure are plotted in three-dimensional graphs which show the asymmetrical characteristics of the inclined coal pillars. The analysis of variance shows that the dip of the coal seams and the acute angles of the corners have a statistically significant effect on the strength of the inclined coal pillars. Based on the results of the simulation, the best fit relation is established by the multivariate non-linear regression technique to estimate the strength of the inclined coal pillars. The coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean square error of the model are obtained as 0.92 and 0.065, respectively. The validation of the developed model has been carried out by the stable and failed inclined pillar cases of different underground inclined coal mines in India. Comparisons of the safety factors, obtained from the developed model and the flat pillar strength formula, indicate that the flat pillar strength formula overestimates the strength of the inclined coal pillars. The developed model can be used to design the inclined coal pillars for safe extraction of inclined coal seams.

With a rapid change in climate, flood events have become a common issue in many parts of India. Cities like Pune, Chennai experience heavy rainfall every year, followed by devastating floods. To better support the flood emergency plan operations, it is essential to have real-time flood maps depicting flood levels across the city. It can be made possible by mining information from flood-related social media posts shared by the public during floods. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based method to assess the flood severity by using text and image data extracted from the social media posts. In the first stage of the methodology, the text data from the social media posts are analyzed, and flood-related posts are then passed to the second stage. In the second stage, the images associated with the social media posts are analyzed, and the severity of the flood in the particular location is updated in real-time. The text and image classification models are trained using the social media feeds posted during Pune, Chennai, and Kerala floods. The accuracy obtained using the proposed methodology is 98% and 78% for text and image classification, respectively. By introducing text classification in the flood severity estimation task, social media posts that are irrelevant to the flood severity estimation task are ignored without processing the multimedia data associated with it. This, in turn, results in reduced usage of valuable computational resources as classification of multimedia data is expensive compared to the classification of microblog text data.

The right to free speech and expression is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19 (1) (a) of part III of the Indian constitution. The fundamental rights act as the constitutional restraints over the state's authority to intervene within the protective gamut of civil liberties of the people. However, the Indian judiciary remains the principal enforcer of the constitutional liberties guaranteed as fundamental rights whenever breached by the state. As the interpreters of the constitution and guardians of civil liberties, the Indian constitutional courts have consistently acted to protect people from state-authorised interventions in their respective domains of fundamental rights. To this concept, this research article by Rebant Juyal attempts to study the landmark judgment of the Indian Supreme Court in the case of Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India, where the court upheld the fundamental right of people to express their speech and expression on the internet.

This book presents contracts and arbitration from a business perspective. The book targets managers and engineers – who do not have a formal law education– but grapple with issues related with contracts and arbitration very often. It will help them in dealing with these issues while making strategic business decisions.

Construction of pavements uses various filling materials and due to the cost factor, the local soil is used for pavement construction. The strength of the soil is improved by stabilisation. This stabilisation increases the load bearing capacities of soil for heavy wheeled vehicle traffic. GGBS, silica fume, rice husk are the basic waste materials used as a waste material, which improves the quality of soil and reduces the cost of pavements. In this study, a detailed investigation is made on the Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS), activated by lime, in the stabilisation of low bearing capacity sand and clay soils collected from Thanjavur district (Budalur, Sengipatti, Vallam and Palliahgraharam villages). The tests are carried out as per Indian Standards. The test procedures separated into two phases, namely Stage-I and Stage-II. In Stage-I the soil tests include soil type, particle size distribution, soil index properties, standard proctor tests, shear tests and CBR test. In Stage-II the soil tests include shear tests and CBR test for the suitable required proportions of GGBS along with lime in the collected soil samples. The test results from stage-I and stage-II are compared and from the study, it is inferred that the application of GGBS is a useful material for soil stabilisation.