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War without Bodies
Historically the bodies of civilians are the most damaged by the
increasing mechanization and derealization of warfare, but this is
not reflected in the representation of violence in popular media.
In War Without Bodies , author Martin Danahay argues that
the media in the United States in particular constructs a \"war
without bodies\" in which neither the corpses of soldiers or
civilians are shown. War Without Bodies traces the
intertwining of new communications technologies and war from the
Crimean War, when Roger Fenton took the first photographs of the
British army and William Howard Russell used the telegraph to
transmit his dispatches, to the first of three \"video wars\" in the
Gulf region in 1990-91, within the context of a war culture that
made the costs of organized violence acceptable to a wider public.
New modes of communication have paradoxically not made more war
\"real\" but made it more ubiquitous and at the same time
unremarkable as bodies are erased from coverage. Media such as
photography and instantaneous video initially seemed to promise
more realism but were assimilated into existing conventions that
implicitly justified war. These new representations of war were
framed in a way that erased the human cost of violence and replaced
it with images that defused opposition to warfare. Analyzing
poetry, photographs, video and video games the book illustrates the
ways in which war was framed in these different historical
contexts. It examines the cultural assumptions that influenced the
reception of images of war and discusses how death and damage to
bodies was made acceptable to the public. War Without
Bodies aims to heighten awareness of how acceptance of war is
coded into texts and how active resistance to such hidden messages
can help prevent future unnecessary wars.
eBook
Space entrepreneurs
\"This engaging title describes the new ways entrepreneurs are using science and technology to take us beyond Earth--from satellite technology and imaging to new rockets and other ventures in space exploration. Detailed case studies of successful entrepreneurs and a hands-on project help readers understand the principles of entrepreneurship.\"--Amazon.com.
Book
United Nations Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection in Civil War
Does United Nations peacekeeping protect civilians in civil war? Civilian protection is a primary purpose of UN peacekeeping, yet there is little systematic evidence for whether peacekeeping prevents civilian deaths. We propose that UN peacekeeping can protect civilians if missions are adequately composed of military troops and police in large numbers. Using unique monthly data on the number and type of UN personnel contributed to peacekeeping operations, along with monthly data on civilian deaths from 1991 to 2008 in armed conflicts in Africa, we find that as the UN commits more military and police forces to a peacekeeping mission, fewer civilians are targeted with violence. The effect is substantial—the analyses show that, on average, deploying several thousand troops and several hundred police dramatically reduces civilian killings. We conclude that although the UN is often criticized for its failures, UN peacekeeping is an effective mechanism of civilian protection.
Journal Article
Bugsplat : the politics of collateral damage in western armed conflicts
\"Why do states who are committed to the principle of civilian immunity and the protection of non-combatants end up killing and injuring large numbers of civilians during their military operations? Bugsplat explains this paradox through an in-depth examination of five conflicts fought by Western powers since 1989\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
High-Efficiency, 10-Watt-Level 6.45 µm Mid-Infrared Source Based on a ZnGePsub.2 Optical Parametric Oscillator
The 6.45 μm mid-infrared laser is highly promising for medical applications due to its efficient tissue ablation with minimal collateral damage. In this work, we demonstrate a stable and compact 10W-level, all-solid-state nanosecond laser source at 6.45 μm based on a Ho:YAG MOPA pumped ring-cavity ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillator (ZGP OPO). The influence of spot size, phase-matching scheme, and crystal length on the output performance was systematically investigated. Using a 30 mm long Type I ZGP crystal, the system achieved optimal performance: a record-high average output power of 14.6 W at 6.45 μm with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 17.57%, a peak power of 51.7 kW, and excellent power stability (1.45% fluctuation over 120 min at 11.7 W). To our knowledge, this represents the highest reported output power and conversion efficiency for an OPO in this spectral region, surpassing previous sources by an order of magnitude in average power and showing nearly double efficiency. This work provides a stable and reliable laser source tool for application research for techniques such as laser ablation.
Journal Article