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Reconstruction and resumption in indirect A'-dependencies : on the syntax of prolepsis and relativization in (Swiss) German and beyond
\"This monograph investigates A'-dependencies in Standard German, Alemannic and Dutch where the dislocated constituent is indirectly, i.e. not transformationally, related to the position where it is interpreted. The study focuses on relative clauses and shows that an important part of the relativization system in these languages, long relativization, involves a hitherto ignored construction termed resumptive prolepsis. This construction is characterized by base-generation of the operator in the matrix middle-field and a resumptive pronoun in the position of the variable. It is shown that it involves short A'-movement in the matrix clause, empty operator movement in the complement clause and an ellipsis operation that links the two operators. While the link is directly visible in German and Dutch, Swiss German provides a more abstract version of resumptive prolepsis. Through a detailed examination of reconstruction effects and the properties of resumption in these constructions, the book provides new evidence for the role of ellipsis in A'-movement and for a base-generation analysis of resumption. More generally, it makes an important contribution to the modeling of long-distance dependencies and the study of A'-syntax.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Cláusulas arbitrales abusivas y disuasivas en la economía digital
Mientras que la economía incursiona en la industria digital, los derechos de los consumidores se restringen y el interés de las empresas por innovar se limita. Esto plantea disyuntivas con respecto a la validez, efectos y practicidad de las cláusulas arbitrales contenidas en los términos y condiciones de plataformas digitales, aplicaciones y servicios en línea. De manera desapercibida, se han introducido prácticas cuestionables en la redacción de estas cláusulas, limitando aún más derechos sociales que de por sí no siempre han encontrado resguardo en precedentes judiciales. Este artículo comienza estableciendo una aproximación doctrinal sobre la aplicación de dichas cláusulas, dado que todavía no se establece un parámetro uniforme doctrinal para estudiarlas. A partir de ello, se analizan las cláusulas arbitrales en plataformas digitales, que en años recientes han sido sujetos a investigaciones por prácticas anticompetitivas. Mediante este análisis, se propone un mecanismo para el estudio de reclamos derivados de la relación entre empresas digitales y los consumidores, así como el uso de términos objetivos para resolver los problemas jurídicos que inevitablemente resultarán de esta interacción entre la economía digital, los derechos de consumidores y la competencia económica.
Journal Article
Adverbial causal clauses as relative clauses
This paper investigates to what extent adverbial causal clauses and relative clauses can be reduced as one and the same phenomenon. Whereas causal clauses have always posed a challenge for a unified account of relativization and adverbial subordination in theoretical studies, typological research has long demonstrated that causal clauses are diachronically connected to relative clauses as well as to adverbial subordinates that have been theoretically analysed as relative clauses. We argue that at least some causal clauses are underlyingly relative clauses over situations (see Arsenijević 2021). Our claim is supported by the diachronic development of the Italian subordinator siccome ‘because/since’, an univerbated form morphologically composed of two items, the comparative-similative wh-pronoun come ‘how’ and the demonstrative adverbial pronoun sì ‘so’. We demonstrate that the causal subordinator is derived from the comparative-similative one via a three-stage diachronic change which is formally captured in terms of type of movement and null elements (Kayne 2005, Cinque 2020b). In so doing, our paper extends a relative clause analysis to causal clauses and adds a novel path to the diachronic development of causal clauses.
Journal Article
Should We Use Characteristics of Conversation to Measure Grammatical Complexity in L2 Writing Development?
Studies of L2 writing development usually measure T‐units and clausal subordination to assess grammatical complexity, assuming that increased subordination is typical of advanced writing. In this article we challenge this practice by showing that these measures are much more characteristic of conversation than academic writing. The article begins with a critical evaluation of T‐units and clausal subordination as measures of writing development, arguing that they have not proven to be effective discriminators of language proficiency differences. These shortcomings lead to the question of whether these measures actually capture the complexities of professional academic writing, and if not, what alternative measures are better suited? Corpus‐based analyses are undertaken to answer these questions, investigating 28 grammatical features in research articles contrasted with conversation. The results are surprising, showing that most clausal subordination measures are actually more common in conversation than academic writing. In contrast, fundamentally different kinds of grammatical complexity are common in academic writing: complex noun phrase constituents (rather than clause constituents) and complex phrases (rather than clauses). Based on these findings, we hypothesize a sequence of developmental stages for student writing, proposing a radically new approach for the study of complexity in student writing development.
Journal Article
The Objectives of Directive 93/13/EEC on Unfair Contract Terms: An Overview after 30 Years of Case Law
This article first sets out some views on the objectives and the functions of Directive 93/13/ EEC on Unfair Contract Terms (UCTD). This is then compared with the way in which the UCTD is applied, using selected examples from the case law of the ECJ, in particular characteristic judgments on the transparency of terms, the fairness of terms and the effect of the unfairness of individual terms on the remainder of the contract. The aim is to outline the general function of the UCTD in the system of contract law, consumer protection and civil justice, as well as the underlying notion of the role of the judge. The core thesis is that the main objective of the UCTD, from a regulatory point of view, is to create a judicial or administrative fairness corrective to the unilateral power to draft contractual terms that private law grants to businesses towards consumers in the formation of a contract.
Journal Article
Insubordination in Germanic : a typology of complement and conditional constructions
\"This book studies insubordination using Germanic data. On a descriptive level, it distinguishes a wide number of (previously undescribed) types of complement and conditional insubordination in English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic. On a theoretical level, these data are used to investigate the boundaries of insubordination, and the degree to which insubordination is a constructionally and semantically unified phenomenon.\"--Back cover.
Book
Investigating clausal wh-constructions in Romanian
Romanian has an articulated system of (non-)interrogative wh-clauses that look morphosyntactically similar or even identical to each other on the surface, while exhibiting striking differences in distribution and interpretation. Using a minimal set of criteria, tests and distinctions, this article presents the first systematic comparative overview of all clausal wh-constructions attested in Romanian. We show that none of these constructions can be reduced to any of the others and flesh out some of the challenges arising for a unified analysis of wh-constructions and wh-expressions.
Journal Article