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Clay
More than a third of the houses in the world are made of clay. Clay vessels were instrumental in the invention of cooking, wine and beer making, and international trade. Our toilets are made of clay. The first spark plugs were thrown on the potter's wheel. Clay has played a vital role in the health and beauty fields. Indeed, this humble material was key to many advances in civilization, including the development of agriculture and the invention of baking, architecture, religion, and even the space program. In Clay, Suzanne Staubach takes a lively look at the startling history of the mud beneath our feet. Told with verve and erudition, this story will ensure you won't see the world around you in quite the same way after reading the book.
eBook
The millionaire and the bard : Henry Folger's obsessive hunt for Shakespeare's first folio
\"Today it is the most valuable book in the world. Recently one sold for over five million dollars. It is the book that rescued the name of William Shakespeare and half of his plays from oblivion. The Millionaire and the Bard tells the miraculous and romantic story of the making of the First Folio, and of the American industrialist whose thrilling pursuit of the book became a lifelong obsession.\" -- Provided by publisher.
Book
Bradley, Greg, Folger
A comprehensive critical analysis of the most important Shakespearean critics, editors, actors and directors. This volume focuses on Shakespeare's reception by Bradley, Greg and Folger.
eBook
The Clay Minerals Group (CMG): 1947-2022
The Clay Minerals Group (CMG), the first of the Special Interest Groups of the Mineralogical Society of the UK and Ireland, was inaugurated in January 1947. The CMG, together with its Belgian equivalent (originally the Comité Belge pour l'Etude des Argiles, later the Belgian Clay Group, now defunct), formed the world's first organizations dedicated to clay mineral research. The CMG celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2022. The Group's aims are to stimulate interest in clay mineralogy, to facilitate an exchange of information between members by providing facilities for reading and discussing papers on research on clay minerals (and allied topics) and to expedite their publication and to encourage practical applications of such research, and these have remained reassuringly the same throughout its history. A founder and active member of both the European Clay Groups Association and the Association Internationale Pour L'Etude des Argiles, the CMG has promoted clay science through the publication of the highly regarded journal Clay Minerals and a series of influential book titles, organizing international and national scientific conferences and meetings, the George Brown Lecture series, providing bursaries and grants to assist researchers and hosting the Images of Clay archive. The initial and sustained success of the CMG has been largely due to the labours of many officers and committee members, some of whom have been recognized for their science and service with awards from the Mineralogical Society of the UK and Ireland and elsewhere. By maintaining this effort, the evident, continuing demand for clay mineral research to assist with changing societal needs should ensure the relevance and health of the CMG for the foreseeable future.
Journal Article
Healing and edible clays: a review of basic concepts, benefits and risks
The use of clay by humans for medicinal and wellness purposes is most probably as old as mankind. Within minerals, due to its ubiquitous occurrence in nature and easy availability, clay was the first to be used and is still used worldwide. Healing clays have been traditionally used by man for therapeutic, nutritional and skin care purposes, but they could impart some important health and skin care risks. For instance, clay particles could adsorb and make available for elimination or excretion any potential toxic elements or toxins being ingested or produced, but they could adsorb and make available for incorporation, through ingestion or through dermal absorption, toxic elements, e.g. heavy metals. Edible clays, a particular case of healing clays, have been traditionally used by man for nutritional and therapeutic purposes. Geophagy, the deliberate soil eating, earth eating, clay eating and pica (medical condition or eating disorder shown by individuals addicted to eat earth substances), has been observed in all parts of the world since antiquity, reflecting cultural practice, religious belief and physiological needs, be they nutritional (dietary supplementation) or as a remedy for disease. This paper pretends to review historical data, basic concepts and functions, as well as benefits and risks of the use of healing clays, in general, for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes, and of edible clays, in particular, for therapeutic purposes.
Journal Article
Origin of Mg-rich clay minerals in the first member of Maokou Formation in the middle Permian in the Central and Southern Sichuan Basin
The first member of Maokou Formation (MF1) in the Sichuan Basin is characterized by marl strata that serve as effective natural gas reservoirs. Notably, the development of MCMs (magnesium-rich clay minerals) plays a significant role in enhancing these reservoirs, especially sepiolite and talc. The diagenesis of sepiolite in the MF1 (Middle Permian) of the central and southern Sichuan Basin was investigated through core and thin section observations, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whole-rock major and trace element analysis, and LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis. MCMs occur in various forms, including lamellae, lens-like structures, clastic, strip-like, and metasomatic bioclasts. The MCMs appear gray-black on core samples, with XRD analysis indicating sepiolite and talc as the primary constituents. Under scanning electron microscope, these MCMs are typically observed as granular particles dispersed alongside quartz, while some replace bioclasts in a concentric zonal pattern. Based on rare earth element (REE) characteristics, MCMs can be classified into two genetic categories: sedimentary and hydrothermal types. Sedimentary MCMs exhibit a negative [delta]Eu anomaly, high Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) and Y/Ho ratios, and lack heavy REE enrichment. In contrast, hydrothermal MCMs display the opposite characteristics, positive [delta]Eu anomaly, low Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratio, and elevated concentrations of hydrothermal-related elements. Sedimentary MCMs form through chemical precipitation or metasomatic processes in silicon- and magnesium-rich seawater, while hydrothermal MCMs result from siliceous hydrothermal activity affecting magnesia-rich carbonate rocks. The diagenetic evolution of MCMs contributes to the formation of unconventional reservoirs in MF1 strata by creating organic and clay shrinkage pores. Thus, MCMs-enriched marl represents a promising target for oil and gas exploration within MF1 strata in the Sichuan Basin.
Journal Article
Drivers of Organic Carbon Stocks in Different LULC History and along Soil Depth for a 30 Years Image Time Series
Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are a remarkable property for soil and environmental monitoring. The understanding of their dynamics in crop soils must go forward. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of temporal environmental controlling factors obtained by satellite images over the SOC stocks along soil depth, using machine learning algorithms. The work was carried out in São Paulo state (Brazil) in an area of 2577 km2. We obtained a dataset of boreholes with soil analyses from topsoil to subsoil (0–100 cm). Additionally, remote sensing covariates (30 years of land use history, vegetation indexes), soil properties (i.e., clay, sand, mineralogy), soil types (classification), geology, climate and relief information were used. All covariates were confronted with SOC stocks contents, to identify their impact. Afterwards, the abilities of the predictive models were tested by splitting soil samples into two random groups (70 for training and 30% for model testing). We observed that the mean values of SOC stocks decreased by increasing the depth in all land use and land cover (LULC) historical classes. The results indicated that the random forest with recursive features elimination (RFE) was an accurate technique for predicting SOC stocks and finding controlling factors. We also found that the soil properties (especially clay and CEC), terrain attributes, geology, bioclimatic parameters and land use history were the most critical factors in controlling the SOC stocks in all LULC history and soil depths. We concluded that random forest coupled with RFE could be a functional approach to detect, map and monitor SOC stocks using environmental and remote sensing data.
Journal Article
Origin of Mg-rich clay minerals in the first member of Maokou Formation in the middle Permian in the Central and Southern Sichuan Basin (China) and their implications on supergene and hypogene fluid regimes
The first member of Maokou Formation (MF1) in the Sichuan Basin is characterized by marl strata that serve as effective natural gas reservoirs. Notably, the development of MCMs (magnesium-rich clay minerals) plays a significant role in enhancing these reservoirs, especially sepiolite and talc. The diagenesis of sepiolite in the MF1 (Middle Permian) of the central and southern Sichuan Basin was investigated through core and thin section observations, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whole-rock major and trace element analysis, and LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis. MCMs occur in various forms, including lamellae, lens-like structures, clastic, strip-like, and metasomatic bioclasts. The MCMs appear gray-black on core samples, with XRD analysis indicating sepiolite and talc as the primary constituents. Under scanning electron microscope, these MCMs are typically observed as granular particles dispersed alongside quartz, while some replace bioclasts in a concentric zonal pattern. Based on rare earth element (REE) characteristics, MCMs can be classified into two genetic categories: sedimentary and hydrothermal types. Sedimentary MCMs exhibit a negative δEu anomaly, high Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) and Y/Ho ratios, and lack heavy REE enrichment. In contrast, hydrothermal MCMs display the opposite characteristics, positive δEu anomaly, low Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratio, and elevated concentrations of hydrothermal-related elements. Sedimentary MCMs form through chemical precipitation or metasomatic processes in silicon- and magnesium-rich seawater, while hydrothermal MCMs result from siliceous hydrothermal activity affecting magnesia-rich carbonate rocks. The diagenetic evolution of MCMs contributes to the formation of unconventional reservoirs in MF1 strata by creating organic and clay shrinkage pores. Thus, MCMs-enriched marl represents a promising target for oil and gas exploration within MF1 strata in the Sichuan Basin.
Journal Article
Collecting Shakespeare : the story of Henry and Emily Folger
The first biography of Henry and Emily Folger, who acquired the largest and finest collection of Shakespeare in the world.
In Collecting Shakespeare, Stephen H. Grant recounts the American success story of Henry and Emily Folger. Shortly after marrying in 1885, the Folgers started buying, cataloging, and storing all manner of items about Shakespeare and his era. Emily earned a master's degree in Shakespeare studies. The frugal couple worked passionately as a tight-knit team during the Gilded Age, financing their hobby with the fortune Henry earned as president of Standard Oil Company of New York, where he was a trusted associate of John D. Rockefeller Sr.
While a number of American universities offered to house the collection, the Folgers wanted to give it to the American people. Afraid the price of antiquarian books would soar if their names were revealed, they secretly acquired prime real estate on Capitol Hill near the Library of Congress. They commissioned the design and construction of an elegant building with a reading room, public exhibition hall, and the Elizabethan Theatre. The Folger Shakespeare Library was dedicated on the Bard's birthday on April 23, 1932.
The library houses 82 First Folios, 277, 000 books, and 60, 000 manuscripts. It welcomes more than 100, 000 visitors a year and provides professors, scholars, graduate students, and researchers from around the world with access to the collections. It is also a vibrant center in Washington, DC, for cultural programs, including theater, concerts, lectures, and poetry readings. With unprecedented access to the primary sources within the Folger vault, Grant draws on interviews with surviving Folger relatives and visits to 35 related archives in the United States and in Britain to create a portrait of the remarkable couple who ensured that Shakespeare would have a beautiful home in America.
eBook