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Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies
Rare earth elements (REE) are widely used in high technologies, medical devices, and military defense systems, and are especially indispensable in emerging clean energy. Along with the growing market of green energy in the next decades, global demand for REE will increase continuously, which will put great pressure on the current REE supply chain. The global REE production is currently mainly concentrated in China and Australia; they respectively contributed 85% and 10% in 2016. However, there are 178 deposits widely distributed in the world, and reported REE resources as of 2017 totaled 478 megaton (Mt) rare earth oxides (REO); 58% of these deposits contained exceed 0.1 Mt REO; 59 deposits have been technically assessed. These resources could sustain the global REE production at the current pace for more than a hundred years. It is noted that REE demand from clean technologies will reach 51.9 thousand metric tons (kt) REO in 2030, Nd and Dy, respectively, comprising 75% and 9%, while these two elements comprise 15% and 0.52% of the global REE resources, respectively. This indicates that Nd and Dy will strongly influence the development of exploring new REE projects and clean technologies in the next decades.
Journal Article
The grid : the fraying wires between Americans and our energy future
\"America's electrical grid, an engineering triumph of the twentieth century, is turning out to be a poor fit for the present. It's not just that the grid has grown old and is now in dire need of basic repair. Today, as we invest great hope in new energy sources-- solar, wind, and other alternatives-- the grid is what stands most firmly in the way of a brighter energy future. If we hope to realize this future, we need to reimagine the grid according to twenty-first-century values. It's a project which forces visionaries to work with bureaucrats, legislators with storm-flattened communities, moneymen with hippies, and the left with the right. And though it might not yet be obvious, this revolution is already well under way. Cultural anthropologist Gretchen Bakke unveils the many facets of America's energy infrastructure, its most dynamic moments and its most stable ones, and its essential role in personal and national life.\"--Page 4 of cover.
BOOK
The impact of environmental regulations and government subsidies and their policy mix on clean technology innovation
Existing frontier studies have predominantly focused on the incentivizing role of a single policy instrument, such as environmental regulations or government subsidies, in driving clean technology innovation. However, they have generally neglected to consider the impact of policy mix instruments on fostering clean technology innovation. This paper presents a mathematical deduction of the impact of environmental regulations, government subsidies, and their combined policy mix on clean technology innovation. Additionally, an empirical study is conducted using panel data from listed enterprises in China's clean energy industry spanning the period from 2008 to 2021. The findings reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between both environmental regulations and government subsidies and the incentives for clean technology innovation, that is, they are characterized by promotion followed by suppression. Further analysis shows that a combination of environmental regulations and government subsidies positively promotes clean technology innovation. The results of the heterogeneity analysis indicate that environmental regulations and government subsidies have higher clean technology innovation performance for SOEs (state-owned enterprises), and the incentive effects of their policy mix are more significant. Moreover, in the eastern region, equal levels of government subsidies or environmental regulations yield higher incentives compared to the central and western regions, and the incentive effects of their policy mixes are more significant too. The findings of this paper will help policymakers flexibly design and implement incentive policies for clean technology innovation.
Journal Article
Green energy
\"This STEM-based set of True Books introduces students to the engineering innovations that can help us reach more environmentally friendly goals\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Prospects for the Development of the Russian Rare-Earth Metal Industry in View of the Global Energy Transition—A Review
Global energy transition trends are reflected not only in oil and gas market dynamics, but also in the development of related sectors. They influence the demand for various types of metals and minerals. It is well-known that clean technologies require far more metals than their counterparts relying on fossil fuels. Nowadays, rare-earth metals (REMs) have become part and parcel of green technologies as they are widely used in wind turbine generators, motors for electric vehicles, and permanent magnet generators, and there are no materials to substitute them. Consequently, growth in demand for this group of metals can be projected in the near future. The topic discussed is particularly relevant for Russia. On the one hand, current trends associated with the global energy transition affect the country’s economy, which largely depends on hydrocarbon exports. On the other hand, Russia possesses huge REM reserves, which may take the country on a low-carbon development path. However, they are not being exploited. The aim of this study is to investigate the prospects for the development of Russia’s rare-earth metal industry in view of the global energy transition. The study is based on an extensive list of references. The methods applied include content analysis, strategic management methods and instruments, as well as planning and forecasting. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the global energy sector’s development, identifies the relationship between the REM market and modern green technologies, and elaborates the conceptual framework for the development of the REM industry in the context of the latest global tendencies. It also contains a critical analysis of the current trends in the Russian energy sector and the plans to develop the industry of green technologies, forecasts future trends in metal consumption within based on existing plans, and makes conclusions on future prospects for the development of the REM industry in Russia.
Journal Article
How do climate policy uncertainty and renewable energy and clean technology stock prices co-move? evidence from Canada
This work probes the dynamic co-movement between the Climate Policy Uncertainty Index (CPU) and the Renewable Energy and Clean Technology Index (RECT) employing the novel wavelet power spectrum (WPS) and wavelet coherence (WC) approaches for monthly data between 2013 and 2022. Using the wavelet approach enables us to observe the causality direction from both time and frequency dimensions and also to help detect the causal linkage in the short-medium and long-term horizons. This is the first study aiming to perform this relationship from both time and frequency dimensions. Remarkably, findings reveal that: i) CPU seems only volatile in 2019 and 2021 in the short run; (ii) there was significant volatility in the RECT in the short and long terms (SLT) between 2018 and 2022; (iii) RECT significantly caused the CPU between 2014 and 2018; iv) after 2019, CPU started to cause RECT in the short and medium terms (SMT).
Journal Article
The role of financial markets in the energy transition: an analysis of investment trends and opportunities in renewable energy and clean technology
The crucial role that financial markets have played in accelerating the shift to clean energy and renewable sources of energy is examined in this article. Thus, we built global essential mineral trade networks from 1999 to 2020 using a complex network technique to analyze their topological properties quantitatively. The impact of crucial mineral trade patterns on the growth of renewable energy is then examined using the dynamic econometric model, along with the mediating function of technological advancement in renewable energy. It analyzes investment patterns and possibilities in various industries while underlining the critical role that financial systems play in determining the speed and scope of the change. The research uses data from reliable sources and thoroughly analyzes the body of current literature. The data shows that investments in clean technologies and renewable energy have significantly increased recently. This increase may be ascribed to several causes, including favorable governmental regulations, falling renewable energy technology prices, and rising environmental consciousness among the general people. Venture capital, private equity, public markets, and specialist funds are just a few examples of financial markets that have been instrumental in directing funding to these industries. The report also reveals a change in how money is invested in the energy industry, with conventional investments in fossil fuels declining and investments in renewable energy growing significantly. The profitability and appeal of renewable energy projects, which are now competitive with traditional energy sources, are driving this transformation. The report also identifies new investment possibilities in clean technology, including smart infrastructure, grid modernization, and energy storage. Due to their potential to improve the effectiveness, dependability, and sustainability of energy systems, these areas are expanding. The results highlight the need to establish long-term stability and incentives for investment in the clean technology and renewable energy industries. Government assistance has considerably aided investor confidence, including carbon pricing systems, tax incentives, and subsidies for renewable energy sources. This analysis emphasizes how critical financial markets are to accelerating the energy transition. Financial markets may hasten the transition to a sustainable energy system by directing investments into clean technologies and renewable energy industries. To take advantage of the investment possibilities given by the energy transition, policymakers, investors, and industry stakeholders must work together.
Journal Article
Policy Pathways for Mapping Clean Energy Access for Cooking in the Global South—A Case for Rural Communities
Currently, over 1.5 billion people, especially in the Global South, live without access to modern energy for household uses, especially for cooking. Therefore, this study examines the cooking space of the Global South with a specific focus on the rural communities to map alternative energy sources, technologies and supporting policies to drive clean cooking services for improved socioeconomic development. It begins with a literature review on clean cooking technologies and clean energy access for the Global South, which leads to the suggestion of clean cooking policies by mapping technology, affordability, accessibility, climate action, business model and local capacity. In order to ensure that the validation is appropriate, three online questionnaires were designed to capture three categories of key stakeholders with distinctive and complementary interests in clean energy access for cooking: (i) End-users, (ii) Energy Suppliers and (iii) Interest Groups in rural communities in Fiji, Ghana and Nigeria. The responses are analysed to conduct a comparative study across the three countries examined. Based on the above, an attempt is made to present broad base policy pathways for adopting clean cooking services in the rural community for sustainable development. The policy pathways harmonize the major stakeholders in the cooking space: Governments, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), clean energy developers, business services and the end-users. In addition, a business model in the context of a rural community cooking space is proposed, stating that the initial life of the clean cooking business should be government-driven and, thereafter, followed by incentive-driven at the mid-life of the business (say, 25% technology penetration) and private-sector-driven at the late-life (say, 45% technology penetration). It is expected that the effort made in this work could be advanced by investigating the detailed techno-economic parameters of clean cooking technologies that could be influenced by the policy pathways established in connection with the sociocultural factors associated with energy services.
Journal Article
Gasification of lignite from Polish coal mine to hydrogen-rich gas
The efforts of the world research activities involved in clean coal technologies development focus to a considerable extent on integrated hydrogen and power generation technologies based on coal gasification. As an alternative to combustion processes, gasification offers increased efficiency, lower negative environmental impact as well as wider application range of the main product—synthesis gas—in power generation and chemical syntheses. In order to select the most optimal lignite for the purpose of gasification, it is necessary to determine coal reactivity, the key parameter characterizing how fast the fuel reacts with the gasifying medium and controlling its process ability in thermochemical conversion to energy and/or energy carriers. This paper presents the experimental results of oxygen/steam gasification of lignite coal char in a fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and at the temperature of 700, 800 and 900 °C; the samples come from an open pit lignite mine in the southwest of Poland. The effectiveness of the gasification process was tested in terms of the total gas and hydrogen yields, gas composition, carbon conversion rate and chars reactivity.
Journal Article