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Cleaning chemistry
Do your parents ask you to wash your hands before dinner? You might not like it, but using soap to wash your hands gets rid of dirt and fights germs. Soap, what it does and how it is made, is an amazing and simple example of the branch of science called chemistry.
Book
Experimental Study on Prevention and Control of Calcium Carbonate Crystallization in Tunnel Based on the Yijun Tunnel
The occurrence of crystallization plugging in the tunnel drainage system will lead to cracking and leakage of the tunnel lining. Therefore, it is very important to take effective measures to prevent the blockage of the crystallization pipe of the tunnel drainage system and ensure the safety and stability of the lining structure during the operation of the tunnel. In this study, we conducted field surveys and laboratory tests to analyze the relationship between the crystals in the Yijun tunnel blind pipeline and the concentration of various ions in the groundwater. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the main component of the crystalline sediment was calcium carbonate. The formation mechanism of crystallization was explored by using the environmental water chemical equilibrium software, Visual MINTEQ 3.1. Considering that the preparation of cleaning agent has less corrosive effect on tunnel concrete materials, the cleaning efficiency test of various acid cleaning agents on tunnel crystals was carried out to determine the optimal concentration of cleaning solution. Finally, it is determined that the mixture of formic acid: citric acid: corrosion inhibitor: surfactant: water = 1:0.5: 0.5:0.5: 5 is used as the cleaning agent of tunnel blind pipe. The experimental results show that the cleaning agent has a 92.4% CaCO 3 dissolution rate, and the pH is controllable (4.7–7.9), which meets the environmental protection standards, and has little damage to the concrete (strength loss of 3.4 Mega Pascal, control group 6.2 Mega Pascal).
Journal Article
Handbook for cleaning/decontamination of surfaces
The focus of Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of Surfaces lies on cleaning and decontamination of surfaces and solid matter, hard as well as soft.Bringing together in a 2-volume reference source: - current knowledge of the physico-chemical fundamentals underlying the cleaning process; - the different needs for cleaning and how these needs.
eBook
The herbal handbook for home & health : 501 recipes for healthy living, green cleaning & natural beauty
\"Make your own stain removers, laundry detergent, fabric softeners, window & glass cleaner, room freshener, furniture polish, oven cleaner, throat lozenges, cough medicine, mouthwash, toothpaste, pet supplies, insect repellent, cordials, wines, syrups, teas, baked goods, soap, lip balm, mascara, shaving cream, facial masks, body sprays\"--Cover.
Book
Influence of Surface Treatments on the Pull-Off Performance of Adhesively Bonded Polylactic Acid
This study investigates the influence of different surface treatments (namely, mechanical abrasion and solvent cleaning with isopropyl alcohol and acetone) on the adhesive bonding performance of polylactic acid (PLA) substrates produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Pull-off tests revealed that the isopropanol-cleaned specimens achieved the highest bond strength, with an average pull-off value exceeding 8.5 MPa, compared to approximately 5.6 MPa for untreated PLA. Conversely, acetone cleaning resulted in the lowest performance (about 3.5 MPa), while mechanical abrasion yielded intermediate values of about 6 MPa. FTIR analysis confirmed that no chemical reactions occurred, although acetone and abrasion induced significant physical surface changes, unlike isopropanol, which acted as an effective cleaning agent. These findings demonstrate that surface cleanliness plays a dominant role over morphological alterations in enhancing the adhesion of PLA-based 3D-printed joints.
Journal Article
Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease
Air pollution affects health, but much of the focus to this point has been on outdoor air. Higher indoor pollution is anticipated due to increasingly energy-efficient and less leaky buildings together with more indoor activities. Studies of indoor air pollution focusing on children and people with respiratory disease from the database Web of Science (1991–2021) were systemically reviewed according to the PRISMA guidelines, with 69 studies included in the final selection. Emissions from building materials affected indoor air quality, and ventilation also had an influence. The main indoor air pollutants are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM). PM sources included smoking, cooking, heating, candles, and insecticides, whereas sources of coarse particles were pets, housework and human movements. VOC sources included household products, cleaning agents, glue, personal care products, building materials and vehicle emissions. Formaldehyde levels were particularly high in new houses. Personal exposure related to both indoor and outdoor pollutant levels, highlighting home characteristics and air exchange rates as important factors. Temperature, humidity, educational level, air purifiers and time near sources were also related to personal exposure. There was an association between PM and Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO), lung function, oxygen saturation, childhood asthma and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. High VOCs were associated with upper airways and asthma symptoms and cancer. Effective interventional studies for PM in the future might focus on human behavior together with air purifiers and increased ventilation, whereas VOC interventions might center more on building materials and household products, alongside purification and ventilation.
Journal Article
Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations
Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization. It can be achieved with contact isolation and strict infection control tool like maintaining good hand hygiene in hospital settings and in public. The success of the hand sanitization solely depends on the use of effective hand disinfecting agents formulated in various types and forms such as antimicrobial soaps, water-based or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, with the latter being widely used in hospital settings. To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%–95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses. This systematic review correlated with the data available in Pubmed, and it will investigate the range of available hand sanitizers and their effectiveness as well as the formulation aspects, adverse effects, and recommendations to enhance the formulation efficiency and safety. Further, this article highlights the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.
Journal Article
Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurrence, behavior, and treatment processes
Surfactants belong to a group of chemicals that are well known for their cleaning properties. Their excessive use as ingredients in care products (e.g., shampoos, body wash) and in household cleaning products (e.g., dishwashing detergents, laundry detergents, hard-surface cleaners) has led to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic and terrestrial environment. Once reached in the different environmental compartments (rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments), surfactants can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. The most studied surfactants so far are linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEOs), and alcohol ethoxylate (AEOs). Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters can range between few micrograms to hundreds of milligrams in some cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge used for soil amendments in agricultural areas. Above the legislation standards, surfactants can be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms which make treatment processes necessary before their discharge into the environment. Given this fact, biological and chemical processes should be considered for better surfactants removal. In this review, we investigate several issues with regard to: (1) the toxicity of surfactants in the environment, (2) their behavior in different ecological systems, (3) and the different treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce the effects of surfactants on living organisms.
Journal Article