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We stay clean
\"With a fun, encouraging tone, the main content of this book focuses on the age-appropriate ways readers can be responsible for keeping their own bodies clean.\"-- Publisher marketing.
Book
Efficacy of China’s clean air actions to tackle PM2.5 pollution between 2013 and 2020
Beginning in 2013, China launched two phases (2013–2017 and 2018–2020) of clean air actions that have led to substantial reductions in PM
2.5
concentrations. However, improvement in PM
2.5
pollution was notably slowing down during Phase II. Here we quantify the efficacy and drivers of PM
2.5
improvement and evaluate the associated cost during 2013–2020 using an integrated framework that combines an emission inventory model, a chemical transport model and detailed cost information. We found that national population-weighted mean PM
2.5
concentrations decreased by 19.8 μg m
−3
and 10.9 μg m
−3
in the two phases, and the contribution of clean air policies in Phase II (2.3 μg m
−3
yr
−1
) was considerably lower than that of Phase I (4.5 μg m
−3
yr
−1
), after excluding the impacts from meteorological condition changes and COVID-19 lockdowns. Enhanced structure transitions and targeted volatile organic compounds and NH
3
reduction measures have successfully reduced emissions in Phase II, but measures focusing on the end-of-pipe control were less effective after 2017. From 2013 to 2020, PM
2.5
abatement became increasingly challenging, with the average cost of reducing one unit of PM
2.5
concentration in Phase II twice that of Phase I. Our results suggest there is a need for strengthened, well-balanced, emission control strategies for multi-pollutants.
China’s second phase of clean air actions proved less effective than the first, highlighting the need to adapt and update policies to enable continued progress, according to an assessment combining chemical transport modelling and emission inventories.
Journal Article
The contribution of wildfire to PM2.5 trends in the USA
Steady improvements in ambient air quality in the USA over the past several decades, in part a result of public policy
1
,
2
, have led to public health benefits
1
–
4
. However, recent trends in ambient concentrations of particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM
2.5
), a pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act
1
, have stagnated or begun to reverse throughout much of the USA
5
. Here we use a combination of ground- and satellite-based air pollution data from 2000 to 2022 to quantify the contribution of wildfire smoke to these PM
2.5
trends. We find that since at least 2016, wildfire smoke has influenced trends in average annual PM
2.5
concentrations in nearly three-quarters of states in the contiguous USA, eroding about 25% of previous multi-decadal progress in reducing PM
2.5
concentrations on average in those states, equivalent to 4 years of air quality progress, and more than 50% in many western states. Smoke influence on trends in the number of days with extreme PM
2.5
concentrations is detectable by 2011, but the influence can be detected primarily in western and mid-western states. Wildfire-driven increases in ambient PM
2.5
concentrations are unregulated under current air pollution law
6
and, in the absence of further interventions, we show that the contribution of wildfire to regional and national air quality trends is likely to grow as the climate continues to warm.
Ground- and satellite-based air pollution data from 2000 to 2022 quantify the contribution of wildfire smoke to stagnation or reversal in PM
2.5
concentration trends, showing that this contribution will grow as the climate continues to warm.
Journal Article
Hannah the Hippo's no mud day
Hannah the Hippo finds she cannot stay clean even on the day her Aunt Lil is coming to visit.
Book
Cigarette smoke promotes colorectal cancer through modulation of gut microbiota and related metabolites
ObjectiveCigarette smoking is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to investigate whether cigarette smoke promotes CRC by altering the gut microbiota and related metabolites.DesignAzoxymethane-treated C57BL/6 mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or clean air 2 hours per day for 28 weeks. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry were parallelly performed on mice stools to investigate alterations in microbiota and metabolites. Germ-free mice were transplanted with stools from smoke-exposed and smoke-free control mice.ResultsMice exposed to cigarette smoke had significantly increased tumour incidence and cellular proliferation compared with smoke-free control mice. Gut microbial dysbiosis was observed in smoke-exposed mice with significant differential abundance of bacterial species including the enrichment of Eggerthella lenta and depletion of Parabacteroides distasonis and Lactobacillus spp. Metabolomic analysis showed increased bile acid metabolites, especially taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) in the colon of smoke-exposed mice. We found that E. lenta had the most positive correlation with TDCA in smoke-exposed mice. Moreover, smoke-exposed mice manifested enhanced oncogenic MAPK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‑regulated protein kinase 1/2) signalling (a downstream target of TDCA) and impaired gut barrier function. Furthermore, germ-free mice transplanted with stools from smoke-exposed mice (GF-AOMS) had increased colonocyte proliferation. Similarly, GF-AOMS showed increased abundances of gut E. lenta and TDCA, activated MAPK/ERK pathway and impaired gut barrier in colonic epithelium.ConclusionThe gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by cigarette smoke plays a protumourigenic role in CRC. The smoke-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis altered gut metabolites and impaired gut barrier function, which could activate oncogenic MAPK/ERK signalling in colonic epithelium.
Journal Article
Captain Beastlie's pirate party
As Captain Beastlie counts down the days until his birthday, his crew plans a special surprise for the filthy pirate.
Book
Drivers of improved PM2.5 air quality in China from 2013 to 2017
From 2013 to 2017, with the implementation of the toughest-ever clean air policy in China, significant declines in fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations occurred nationwide. Here we estimate the drivers of the improved PM2.5 air quality and the associated health benefits in China from 2013 to 2017 based on a measure-specific integrated evaluation approach, which combines a bottom-up emission inventory, a chemical transport model, and epidemiological exposure-response functions. The estimated national population–weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased from 61.8 (95%CI: 53.3–70.0) to 42.0 μg/m³ (95% CI: 35.7–48.6) in 5 y, with dominant contributions from anthropogenic emission abatements. Although interannual meteorological variations could significantly alter PM2.5 concentrations, the corresponding effects on the 5-y trends were relatively small. The measure-by-measure evaluation indicated that strengthening industrial emission standards (power plants and emission-intensive industrial sectors), upgrades on industrial boilers, phasing out outdated industrial capacities, and promoting clean fuels in the residential sector were major effective measures in reducing PM2.5 pollution and health burdens. These measures were estimated to contribute to 6.6- (95% CI: 5.9–7.1), 4.4- (95% CI: 3.8–4.9), 2.8- (95% CI: 2.5–3.0), and 2.2- (95% CI: 2.0–2.5) μg/m³ declines in the national PM2.5 concentration in 2017, respectively, and further reduced PM2.5-attributable excess deaths by 0.37 million (95% CI: 0.35–0.39), or 92% of the total avoided deaths. Our study confirms the effectiveness of China’s recent clean air actions, and the measure-by-measure evaluation provides insights into future clean air policy making in China and in other developing and polluting countries.
Journal Article