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Over the last several years, there has been a growing interest in clients’ views toward integrating their religion and spirituality (RS) into mental health treatment. However, most of these studies have been limited to small samples and specific populations, regions, and/or clinical issues. This article describes the first national survey of current mental health clients across the US regarding their attitudes towards integrating their RS in treatment using a revised version of the Religious/Spiritually Integrated Practice Assessment Scale-Client Attitudes, version 2 (RSIPAS-CAv2) with a sample of 989 clients. Our findings indicate mental health clients have overwhelmingly positive attitudes regarding integrating their RS into mental health treatment. Additionally, we explored what background characteristics predict clients’ attitudes toward this area of practice and found the top predictor was their intrinsic religiosity, followed by whether they had previously discussed RS with their current provider, age, gender, organized and non-organized religious activities, belief in God/Higher Power, and frequency of seeing their mental health provider. The reliability and validity of the RSIPAS-CAv2 was also explored and this scale is recommended for future use. Implications and recommendations for practice, research, and future training efforts are discussed.

Architecture networking and computer digital technologies are critical in building design and construction. They have transformed architects' and designers' approaches to building design, making it more efficient, accurate, and collaborative. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact that architectural networking and computer digital technology have on aesthetic quality and user experience, with a particular emphasis on the role that functionality plays in mediating the relationship and the role that client preferences play in moderating the relationship. A quantitative approach was taken to the research, and data was obtained from 375 participants through the use of an online survey. The participants were shown a hypothetical building design via digital technology, and they were given the task of rating the aesthetically pleasing qualities of the building as well as the overall user experience. According to the findings of the research conducted, architectural networking and computer digital technology had a considerable impact, both positively and significantly, on the aesthetic quality of the building design as well as the user experience. In addition, it was discovered that functionality partially mediated the relationship between architecture networking and aesthetic quality and user experience. This finding lends credence to the idea that the functionality of a building's design played an important part in determining both the aesthetic quality and the user experience of the building. It was discovered that client preferences had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between architecture networking and aesthetic quality/user experience. This finding indicates that the impact of architecture networking on aesthetic quality and user experience was more pronounced when the clients preferred modern and innovative designs.

Addressing and accommodating client preferences in psychotherapy have been consistently associated with improved treatment outcomes; however, few clinically useful and psychometrically acceptable measures are available for this purpose. The aim of this study was to develop a brief, multidimensional clinical tool to help clients articulate the therapist style they desire in psychotherapy or counseling. An online survey composed of 40 therapy preference items was completed by 860 respondents, primarily female (n=699), British (n=650), White (n=761), and mental health professionals themselves (n=615). Principal components analysis resulted in four scales that accounted for 39% of the total variance: Therapist Directiveness vs. Client Directiveness, Emotional Intensity vs. Emotional Reserve, Past Orientation vs. Present Orientation, and Warm Support vs. Focused Challenge. These scales map well onto dimensions of therapist activity and cover most of the major preference dimensions identified in the research literature. Internal consistency coefficients ranged between .60 and .85 (M=.71). Tentative cutoff points for strong preferences on each dimension were established. The 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a multidimensional measure with clinical utility, but additional validity data are needed. Abordar y acomodar las preferencias del cliente en psicoterapia se asoció consistentemente con mejoras en los resultados del tratamiento; sin embargo, pocas medidas clínicamente útiles y psicométricamente aceptables están disponibles para este propósito. El objetivo fue desarrollar una herramienta clínica multidimensional breve para ayudar a que los clientes articulen el estilo terapéutico que desean en la psicoterapia o consejería. Una encuesta online compuesta por 40 ítems de preferencias de terapia fue completada por 860 sujetos, principalmente mujeres (n=699), británicos (n=650), blancos (n=761) y profesionales de la salud mental (n=615). Un análisis de componentes principales aisló cuatro escalas que representan el 39% de la varianza total: Directividad del terapeuta vs. Directividad del cliente, Intensidad emocional vs. Reserva emocional, Orientación pasada vs. Orientación presente y Apoyo caluroso vs. Cambio focalizado. Estas escalas recogen las dimensiones de la actividad del terapeuta y cubren la mayoría de las principales dimensiones de preferencias identificadas en la literatura. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna oscilaron entre 0,60 y 0,85 (M=0,71). Se establecieron puntos de corte provisionales para fuertes preferencias en cada dimensión. El Inventario de Preferencias Cooper-Norcross-18 ítems (C-NIP) es una medida multidimensional con utilidad clínica, pero se necesitan datos adicionales de validez.

Background In Africa, the delivery of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) at public healthcare clinics is challenged by understaffing, overcrowding, and HIV-associated stigma, often resulting in low PrEP uptake and continuation among clients. Giving clients the option to refill PrEP at nearby private pharmacies, which are often more convenient and have shorter wait times, may address these challenges and improve PrEP continuation. Methods This mixed methods study used an explanatory sequential design. At two public clinics in Kiambu County, Kenya, clients ≥ 18 years initiating PrEP were given the option to refill PrEP at the clinic where they initiated for free or at one of three nearby private pharmacies for 300 Kenyan Shillings (~ $3 US Dollars). The providers at these pharmacies (pharmacists and pharmaceutical technologists) were trained in PrEP service delivery using a prescribing checklist and provider-assisted HIV self-testing, both with remote clinician oversight. Clients were followed up to seven months, with scheduled refill visits at one, four, and seven months. The primary outcomes were selection of pharmacy-based PrEP refills and PrEP continuation. Following pilot completion, 15 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with clients who refilled PrEP were completed. We used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to assess study outcomes. Results From November 2020 to November 2021, 125 PrEP clients were screened and 106 enrolled. The majority (59%, 63/106) of clients were women and the median age was 31 years (IQR 26–38 years). Over 292 client-months of follow-up, 41 clients (39%) refilled PrEP; only three (3%) at a participating pharmacy. All clients who completed IDIs refilled PrEP at clinics. The reasons why clients did not refill PrEP at pharmacies included: a preference for clinic-delivered PrEP services (i.e., pre-existing relationships, access to other services), concerns about pharmacy-delivered PrEP services (i.e., mistrust, lower quality care, costs), and lack of knowledge of this refill location. Conclusions These findings suggest that clients who initiate PrEP at public clinics in Kenya may have already overcome barriers to clinic-delivered PrEP services and prefer PrEP access there. To reach new populations that could benefit from PrEP, a stand-alone model of pharmacy-delivered PrEP services may be needed. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04558554 [registered: June 5, 2020].

This article describes a national sample of 989 current mental health clients’ views regarding whether and how their mental health care providers integrated the client’s religion/spirituality (RS) into treatment. Within the online Qualtrics survey, two open-ended items asked respondents what (if anything) the client perceived their therapist having done regarding the client’s RS that was (1) helpful/supportive or (2) hurtful/harmful. Participants also reported various ways therapists included the topic of RS in practice, if any. Nearly half freely described helpful ways their providers integrated the client’s RS, and half indicated it was not discussed or applicable. Although 9.6% described hurtful experiences, most indicated their provider had not done anything harmful related to integrating RS. Implications for practice and training across mental health disciplines are discussed.

This article describes the development, validation, and responses to the first administration of the Religious/Spiritually Integrated Practice Assessment Scale-Client Attitudes (RSIPAS-CA). A total of 1,047 U.S. adults responded to an online survey administered by Qualtrics, which included the RSIPAS-CA for secondary analysis. Of those, 245 indicated they were either current or former mental health clients and thus were asked to complete a 10-item instrument assessing clients' attitudes toward integrating religion and spirituality (RS) in mental health treatment. A confirmatory factor analysis showed the current sample's data approached an adequate fit, and the instrument's reliability was considered very good (α = .89). Descriptive analyses indicated that clients have mixed views regarding who should initiate the discussion of RS, but a majority responded favorably toward integrating RS in practice. The article ends with a general comparison between client responses to the current survey and clinical social workers' responses to the practitioners' RSIPAS. It also discusses implications for research based on the scale development and implications for practice and education, based on client preferences.

Introduction The Uganda Ministry of Health recommends facility‐ and community‐based differentiated antiretroviral therapy (DART) models to support person‐centred care for eligible clients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Healthcare workers assess client eligibility for one of six DART models upon initial enrolment; however, client circumstances evolve, and their preferences are not routinely adjusted. We developed a tool to understand the proportion of clients accessing preferred DART models and compared the outcomes of clients accessing preferred DART models to the outcomes of clients not receiving preferred DART models. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional study. A sample of 6376 clients was selected from 113 referrals, general hospitals and health centres purposely selected from 74 districts. Clients receiving ART accessing care from the sampled sites were eligible for inclusion. Healthcare workers interviewed clients (caretakers of clients under 18), over a 2‐week period between January and February 2022 using a client preference tool to elicit whether clients were receiving DART services through their preferred model. Treatment outcomes of viral load test, viral load suppression and missed appointment date were extracted from clients’ medical files before or immediately after the interview and de‐identified. The descriptive analysis determined the interaction between client preferences and predefined treatment outcomes by comparing outcomes of clients whose care aligned with their preferences to outcomes of clients whose care misaligned with their preferences. Results Of 25% (1573/6376) of clients not accessing their preferred DART model, 56% were on facility‐based individual management and 35% preferred fast‐track drug refills model. Viral load coverage was 87% for clients accessing preferred DART models compared to 68% among clients not accessing their preferred model. Viral load suppression was higher among clients who accessed the preferred DART model (85%) compared to (68%) clients who did not access their preferred DART model. Missed appointments were lower at 29% for clients who accessed preferred DART models compared to 40% among clients not enrolled in the DART model of their choice. Conclusions Clients who accessed their preferred DART model have better clinical outcomes. Preferences should be integrated throughout health systems, improvement interventions, policies and research efforts to ensure client‐centred care and client autonomy.

Cíl. Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) představuje nejnovější a slibný nástroj určený k měření preferencí klientů ve vztahu k psychoterapii. Psychometrické zhodnocení tohoto nástroje je však zatím sporé a u české verze zcela chybí. Cílem této studie bylo ověřit faktorovu strukturu české verze C-NIP, ověřit invarianci měření a stanovit hraniční skóry. Metody. N = 772 dospělých respondentů vyplnilo C-NIP v online průzkumu. K ověření faktorové struktury a invariance měření mezi pohlavími a napříč různými úrovněmi zkušenosti s psychoterapií byla použita konfirmační faktorový analýza. Výsledky. Původní faktorová struktura nebyla podpořena. Namísto toho byl navržen pětifaktorový model, který vykazoval adekvátní shodu s daty a byl striktně invariantní ve vztahu k pohlaví i úrovni zkušenosti s psychoterapií. Závěr. Českou verzi C-NIP lze považovat za validní a reliabilní nástroj na měření preferencí klientů ve vztahu k psychoterapii. Je zapotřebí replikovat navrženou faktorovou strukturu.

Pet ownership is increasing, in large part due to the number of millennial pet owners. More pet owners as well as the advent of extensive veterinary care options have resulted in a substantial increase in veterinary care spending. Yet, regardless of client cohort or type of medical procedure performed, communication between clients and veterinarians continues to be a key component in patient care and client satisfaction. Two areas of communication are explored in this study: medical updates to clients when their animals need to stay in the hospital for extended periods of time (at least 4 h) and appointment confirmations. This study, through an anonymous online survey, explored pet owners' stated current modality and frequency of receiving medical updates by their veterinarian and compared these to their stated preferences. Participants' preferences for the modality in which they receive appointment reminders was similarly compared to how they currently receive reminders. There were differences in both frequency (medical updates) and modality (medical updates and appointment confirmations) between what pet owners currently encounter and what they would prefer. In particular, few pet owners receive medical updates or appointment confirmations via text, when a significant portion would prefer this mode of communication. Pet owners also reported wishing to receive medical updates more frequently then they currently experience, with 53.8% of participants reporting they would pay extra for this service. The ramifications of these results are explored with a focus on how to modify these services to best meet the needs of clients.

This study examines the influence of client preference with respect to information search behavior and subsequent tax recommendation. Prior studies have identified that tax consultants exhibit confirmation bias in their information search processes, which is explained by the theory of motivated reasoning (Kunda, 1990). However, that theory does not take into consideration responses of tax consultant that are attributable to the way clients present their preferences. This study fills the gap by proposing a social norm activation model which can help to foster a better understanding of the nature of the confirmatory behavior. To accomplish this purpose, study participants role-played as advisors on a tax compliance task. The experiment used aweb-based instrument that involved 82 tax professionals. Results showed that tax consultants engaged inlower confirmation bias when they received an explicitly preference statement from their client than those who received an implicit statement. Furthermore, the former tax consultants recommended a more conservative tax position than the latter. These findings underscore the importance of social norm in a professional tax work environment. As a practical contribution, these findings suggest that the beliefs and norms of tax professionals influence the way they do their work. First published online 3 January 2020