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Energy and emissions on the African Continent: Can and will the COP21 treaty be implemented?
African nations share a common situation in that they pollute little in terms of CO2s globally speaking, but at the same time global warming may have terrible consequences for the continent, set to face a sharp population increase. They have now access to few energy resources, which is conducive to their poverty. New renewables belong to the future (solar, wind, geo-thermal), whereas old renewables – wood coal – are a thing of the past. The coal or oil and gas dependent giants must start energy transformation, as must the many countries relying upon traditional biomass. The use of wood coal is simply too large for the survival of the African forest. Under the COP21, African countries have right to financial assistance, especially for more electricity to connect its rural and also many urban people to heating, air-conditioning and the electronic high ways. Without the COP21 promises, decarbonisation will be impossible in Africa, and thus its large need for more energy will lead to more CO2s.
Journal Article
Oil and coal
Readers learn about oil and coal as an energy source, including how it has been used in the past, how it's used today, and how it may be used in the future.
Book
Experimental Study of Coal–Gas Outburst: Insights from Coal–Rock Structure, Gas Pressure and Adsorptivity
Coal–gas outburst is a complex dynamic phenomenon in underground coal mines that has occurred frequently over the past 150 years. This phenomenon has seriously restricted the efficient development of coal resources and it poses a great threat to global energy security. Physical simulation experiments under different conditions that considered the coal–rock combination structure and gas adsorptivity were carried out by using a true triaxial coal–gas outburst experimental system, and the experiments controlled for the type of adsorbable gas, the presence (or absence) of a roof and the gas pressure. The influence of the coal–rock structure and gas adsorptivity on the disaster occurrence conditions and dynamic response characteristics was discussed, and the gas–solid-coupling disaster-inducing mechanisms of coal–gas outburst under unloading were obtained. The results show that outburst pulverized coal does not present an obvious sorting performance under the experimental conditions of this work. All the outburst holes are characterized by small openings and large cavities. Coal walls around the holes are damaged by spallation, and the strength of the outburst holes is low, but relatively stable. Stronger gas adsorptivity and greater gas pressure correspond to more intense outburst dynamic effects. Moreover, greater outburst intensity corresponds to more obvious coal spallation characteristics. Whether there is roof or not has no significant effect on the sweeping and handling of thrown pulverized coal. Compared with the condition without roof, the existence of a roof will promote an increase in the outburst intensity and more obvious spallation damage of the outburst coal. The coal–gas outburst process includes four stages: outburst occurrence, rapid development, deceleration development and outburst termination. The research results have certain guiding significance for studies on the mechanism of coal–gas outburst.
Journal Article
The pros and cons of coal
Discover all about coal: its history, uses, benefits and downfalls, and what it means for the future of the planet.
Book
Adani, following its dirty footsteps : a personal story
Lindsay Simpson has doggedly pursued an incredible story: how could a company with a globally disastrous reputation for environmental destruction along with a dubious financial status woo an Australian Prime Minister, a State Premier and a handful of regional mayors to back a project to build Australia's largest coalmine and the world's largest coal terminal only kilometres from the Great Barrier Reef? Investigative journalist, former academic and author, Simpson's personal story reveals the truth behind the Adani controversy. Doorknocking at Adani's Indian HQ to hand over a petition from the Australian Conservation Foundation signed by Australia's most prominent citizens; she also lobbied politicians in Parliament House in Canberra, questioning their motives that ensured the mine was approved. Simpson investigates the power of the social movement Stop Adani which has captured the national imagination, proving that while Adani might have gained the political will to build the mine, it has never gained the social will of the people. Adani, Following Its Dirty Footsteps: A Personal Story documents the inconceivable story of how Australian governments abrogated their responsibilities to protect this world heritage icon; bypassing environmental safeguards, thereby irrevocably damaging Australia's reputation as environmental steward of some of the world's most valuable natural assets. This book lays bare the pecuniary interests of Australia's leaders serving a country which is the largest exporter of coal and how money rules over protecting the environment.-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Bioconversion of coal to methane by microbial communities from soil and from an opencast mine in the Xilingol grassland of northeast China
Background The Xilingol grassland ecosystem has abundant superficial coal reserves. Opencast coal mining and burning of coal for electricity have caused a series of environmental challenges. Biogenic generation of methane from coal possesses the potential to improve economic and environmental outcomes of clean coal utilization. However, whether the microbes inhabiting the grassland soil have the functional potential to convert coal into biomethane is still unclear. Results Microbial communities in an opencast coal mine and in grassland soil covering and surrounding this mine and their biomethane production potential were investigated by Hiseq sequencing and anaerobic cultivation. The microbial communities in covering soil showed high similarity to those in the surrounding soil, according to the pairwise weighted UniFrac distances matrix. The majority of bacterial communities in coal and soil samples belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The dominant bacterial genera in grassland soil included Gaiella, Solirubrobacter, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces; whereas, the most abundant genus in coal was Pseudarthrobacter. In soil, hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium was the dominant methanogen, and this methanogen, along with acetoclastic Methanosarcina and methylotrophic Methanomassiliicoccus, was detected in coal. Network-like Venn diagram showed that an average of 28.7% of microbial communities in the samples belonged to shared genera, indicating that there is considerable microbial overlap between coal and soil samples. Potential degraders and methanogens in the soil efficiently stimulated methane formation from coal samples by the culturing-based approach. The maximum biogenic methane yields from coal degradation by the microbial community cultured from grassland soil reached 22.4 μmol after 28 day. Conclusion The potential microbial coal degraders and methanogenic archaea in grassland soil were highly diverse. Significant amounts of biomethane were generated from coal by the addition of grassland soil microbial communities. The unique species present in grassland soil may contribute to efficient methanogenic coal bioconversion. This discovery not only contributes to a better understanding of global microbial biodiversity in coal mine environments, but also makes a contribution to our knowledge of the synthetic microbiology with regard to effective methanogenic microbial consortia for coal degradation.
Journal Article
Coal measure metallogeny: Metallogenic system and implication for resource and environment
Coal, coal measure gas, coal conversion to oil and gas, and coal-based new materials are reliable guarantees for stable energy supply and economic and social development in China. The coal-dominated resource endowment and the economic and social development stage determine the irreplaceable position of coal resources in the energy system. Coal measure resources, including aggregated or dispersed solids, liquid and gaseous multitype energies, and metal as well as nonmetallic minerals, are the products of multisphere interaction and metallogenetic materials generation, migration, and accumulation. Coal measures record rich deep-time geological information of transitional and terrestrial peat bogs, which is a crucial carrier to reveal ecosystem evolution, significant organic carbon sequestration, atmospheric O
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variation, and wildfire events. Coal measure evolution is accompanied by the migration and transformation of various materials during diagenesis-metamorphism, forming differentiated coal compositions besides properties and various mineral resources in its adjacent strata. The enrichment condition, occurrence state, and separation potential are the premise for level-by-level use and efficient development of coal measure resources. Coal measure metallogeny is based on the metallogenic system of multiple energy and mineral resources in coal measures and their environmental effects. Fully understanding coal measure metallogeny is beneficial for promoting the coal transition from fuel to raw materials and strengthening its attribute of multiple mineral resources. The metallogeny comprises various aspects, including: (1) the symbiosis mechanism, co-exploration and co-mining conditions of various resources; (2) the source-sink system of ore-forming materials; (3) the differential carbon accumulation and hydrogen enrichment effect; (4) organic (coal and hydrocarbon) and inorganic (mineral) interactions; and (5) combination of minerals naturally enrichment during the metallogenic process and artificial enrichment during the ore processing process. The coal measure metallogeny belongs to the geoscience disciplines, and study the types, formation, distribution, enrichment mechanisms, evaluation methods, and development strategies of resources related to coal measures. The key scientific problems include geological records related to mineral enrichment processes, metallogenic mechanisms, resource distribution, occurrence evaluation, and accurate development. Developing coal measure metallogeny is significant in improving critical mineral metallogenic theory, revealing various deep-time earth system, and realizing national energy transformation and high-quality development.
Journal Article