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"Coats"
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Mrs Noah's pockets
\"At last all were gathered inside the ark. It heaved with animals, large and small. Mrs Noah wore a brand-new coat, with a hood and a cape - and very deep pockets. Lots of pockets.\" When Mr Noah builds the ark, he makes two lists - one for all the animals who will come on board and one for those troublesome creatures he will leave behind. Meanwhile, Mrs Noah gets out her sewing machine and makes a coat with very deep pockets. Lots of pockets.
Book
Targeted mutagenesis of BnTT8 homologs controls yellow seed coat development for effective oil production in Brassica napus L
Yellow seed is a desirable trait with great potential for improving seed quality in Brassica crops. Unfortunately, no natural or induced yellow seed germplasms have been found in Brassica napus, an important oil crop, which likely reflects its genome complexity and the difficulty of the simultaneous random mutagenesis of multiple gene copies with functional redundancy. Here, we demonstrate the first application of CRISPR/Cas9 for creating yellow‐seeded mutants in rapeseed. The targeted mutations of the BnTT8 gene were stably transmitted to successive generations, and a range of homozygous mutants with loss‐of‐function alleles of the target genes were obtained for phenotyping. The yellow‐seeded phenotype could be recovered only in targeted mutants of both BnTT8 functional copies, indicating that the redundant roles of BnA09.TT8 and BnC09.TT8b are vital for seed colour. The BnTT8 double mutants produced seeds with elevated seed oil and protein content and altered fatty acid (FA) composition without any serious defects in the yield‐related traits, making it a valuable resource for rapeseed breeding programmes. Chemical staining and histological analysis showed that the targeted mutations of BnTT8 completely blocked the proanthocyanidin (PA)‐specific deposition in the seed coat. Further, transcriptomic profiling revealed that the targeted mutations of BnTT8 resulted in the broad suppression of phenylpropanoid/flavonoid biosynthesis genes, which indicated a much more complex molecular mechanism underlying seed colour formation in rapeseed than in Arabidopsis and other Brassica species. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed the possible mechanism through which BnTT8 altered the oil content and fatty acid composition in seeds.
Journal Article
Bella's fall coat
\"A picture book about the fall season, centering on Bella, a little girl who has outgrown but does not want to give up her favorite coat made by her grandmother, and how she deals with the inevitable change to something new\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
β’-COP mediated loading of PPARγ into trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is characterized by impaired fetal growth and dysregulated lipid metabolism. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proved playing a crucial role in transporting biomolecules from the mother to the fetus. However, the mechanisms underlying cargo sorting and loading into trophoblastic EVs remain elusive. This study focuses on examining how the essential fatty acid regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), is sorted and loaded into EVs originating from trophoblasts. We conducted proteomic analysis on placenta-derived EVs from normal and FGR pregnancies. Interactions between PPARγ and coat protein complex I (COPI) subunit were evaluated using co-immunoprecipitation and bioinformatics simulation. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to identify critical binding sites between β’-coat protein complex I (β’-COP), a subunit of COPI, and PPARγ. lentivirus-mediated knockout and overexpression techniques were employed to elucidate the role of β’-COP in PPARγ loading into EVs. Our findings demonstrate that PPARγ protein levels are significantly decreased in EVs from FGR placentas. β’-COP subunit directly interacts with PPARγ in trophoblasts, mediating its sorting into early endosomes and multivesicular bodies for EVs incorporation. Knockout of β’-COP impaired PPARγ loading into EVs. Molecular dynamics simulations identified critical binding sites for the interaction between β’-COP and PPARγ. Mutation of these sites significantly weakened the β’-COP-PPARγ interaction and reduced PPARγ levels in trophoblastic EVs. In conclusion, β’-COP mediates sorting and loading of PPARγ into trophoblastic EVs. This study provides insights into regulating EVs cargo loading and potential strategies for targeted cargo delivery from the maternal to the fetal circulation.
Journal Article
A new coat for Anna
Even though there is no money, Anna's mother finds a way to make Anna a badly needed winter coat.
Book
9Å structure of the COPI coat reveals that the Arf1 GTPase occupies two contrasting molecular environments
COPI coated vesicles mediate trafficking within the Golgi apparatus and between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum. Assembly of a COPI coated vesicle is initiated by the small GTPase Arf1 that recruits the coatomer complex to the membrane, triggering polymerization and budding. The vesicle uncoats before fusion with a target membrane. Coat components are structurally conserved between COPI and clathrin/adaptor proteins. Using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we determined the structure of the COPI coat assembled on membranes in vitro at 9 Å resolution. We also obtained a 2.57 Å resolution crystal structure of βδ-COP. By combining these structures we built a molecular model of the coat. We additionally determined the coat structure in the presence of ArfGAP proteins that regulate coat dissociation. We found that Arf1 occupies contrasting molecular environments within the coat, leading us to hypothesize that some Arf1 molecules may regulate vesicle assembly while others regulate coat disassembly.
Journal Article
Joseph had a little overcoat
A very old overcoat is recycled numerous times into a variety of garments.
Book
Multi-omics analysis dissects the genetic architecture of seed coat content in Brassica napus
Background
Brassica napus
is an important vegetable oil source worldwide. Seed coat content is a complex quantitative trait that negatively correlates with the seed oil content in
B. napus
.
Results
Here we provide insights into the genetic basis of natural variation of seed coat content by transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using 382
B. napus
accessions. By population transcriptomic analysis, we identify more than 700 genes and four gene modules that are significantly associated with seed coat content. We also characterize three reliable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seed coat content by GWAS. Combining TWAS and correlation networks of seed coat content-related gene modules, we find that
BnaC07.CCR-LIKE
(
CCRL
) and
BnaTT8s
play key roles in the determination of the trait by modulating lignin biosynthesis. By expression GWAS analysis, we identify a regulatory hotspot on chromosome A09, which is involved in controlling seed coat content through
BnaC07.CCRL
and
BnaTT8s
. We then predict the downstream genes regulated by
BnaTT8s
using multi-omics datasets. We further experimentally validate that
BnaCCRL
and
BnaTT8
positively regulate seed coat content and lignin content.
BnaCCRL
represents a novel identified gene involved in seed coat development. Furthermore, we also predict the key genes regulating carbon allocation between phenylpropane compounds and oil during seed development in
B. napus
.
Conclusions
This study helps us to better understand the complex machinery of seed coat development and provides a genetic resource for genetic improvement of seed coat content in
B. napus
breeding.
Journal Article
Goat's coat
Alfonzo the goat is very happy wearing his new coat to stroll through the forest, but as he helps a series of friends in need, his coat becomes increasingly shabby.
Book
Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
Journal Article