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To investigate the influences of cobalt (Co) and folic acid (FA) on growth performance and rumen fermentation, Holstein male calves (n 40) were randomly assigned to four groups according to their body weights. Cobalt sulphate at 0 or 0·11 mg Co/kg DM and FA at 0 or 7·2 mg/kg DM were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Average daily gain was elevated with FA or Co supplementation, but the elevation was greater for supplementing Co in diets without FA than with FA. Supplementing FA or Co increased DM intake and total-tract nutrient digestibility. Rumen pH was unaltered with FA but reduced with Co supplementation. Concentration of rumen total volatile fatty acids was elevated with FA or Co inclusion. Acetate percentage and acetate to propionate ratio were elevated with FA inclusion. Supplementing Co decreased acetate percentage and increased propionate percentage. Activities of xylanase and α-amylase and populations of total bacteria, fungi, protozoa, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Prevotella ruminicola increased with FA or Co inclusion. Activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase and pectinase increased with FA inclusion and population of methanogens decreased with Co addition. Blood folates increased and homocysteine decreased with FA inclusion. Blood glucose and vitamin B12 increased with Co addition. The data suggested that supplementing 0·11 mg Co/kg DM in diets containing 0·09 mg Co/kg DM increased growth performance and nutrient digestibility but had no improvement on the effects of FA addition in calves.

In this work, we have successfully synthesized a bimetallic (Zinc and Cobalt) Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (Zn 50 Co 50 -ZIF), a class in a wider microporous Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) family. The synthesized nanostructures maintain both water stability like ZIF-8 (solely Zn containing) and charge transfer electronic band in the visible optical spectrum as ZIF-67 (solely Co containing). Crystal structure from XRD, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) followed by elemental mapping (EDAX) confirm structural stability and omnipresence of the metal atoms (Zn and Co) across the nanomaterial with equal proportion. Existence of charge transfer state consistent with ZIF67 and intact ultrafast excited state dynamics of the imidazolate moiety in both ZIF-8 and ZIF-67, is evidenced from steady state and time resolved optical spectroscopy. The thermal and aqueous stabilities of Zn 50 Co 50 -ZIF are found to be better than ZIF-67 but comparable to ZIF-8 as evidenced by solubility, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD studies of the material in water. We have evaluated the photoinduced ROS generation by the mixed ZIF employing dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. We have also explored the potentiality of the synthesized material for the alternate remediation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection through the photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and methylene blue (MB) degradation kinetics.

Numerous human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases have proven to be, inter alia, host cell restriction factors for retroviruses and hepadnaviruses. Although they can bind to genomic RNA and become encapsidated, they are only catalytically active on single-stranded DNA. As there are many cellular deoxyribonucleases (DNases), we hypothesized that a parallel could be struck between APOBEC3 and DNases. For human hepatitis B virus (HBV), we show that DNase I can considerably reduce the virion genome copy number from a variety of transfected or infected cells. DNASE1 is overexpressed and encapsidated in HBV particles in vitro in hypoxic environments and in vivo in cirrhotic patient livers as well as in the serum of infected patients. The use of CoCl 2 and dimethyloxalylglycine, mimetic agents used to induce hypoxia by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase enzymes that stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, showed that the formation of HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimers results in the induction of DNASE1 . Indeed, transfection with HIF-1α and HIF-1β expression constructs upregulated DNASE1 . These findings suggest that human DNase I can impact HBV replication through the catabolism of the DNA genome within the capsid. The activity of DNases in general may explain in part the high frequency of empty or ‘light’ hepatitis B virions observed in vivo. Human DNase I is shown to be overexpressed in hypoxic environments in vitro and to be incorporated into human hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles, resulting in virions devoid of genomic DNA. These findings might help explain the low levels of circulating HBV DNA commonly observed in cirrhotic livers and liver tumours.

Biomaterials and scaffolds for Tissue Engineering are widely used for an effective healing and regeneration. However, the implantation of these scaffolds causes an innate immune response in which the macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype is crucial to avoid chronic inflammation. Recent studies have showed that the use of bioactive ions such as cobalt (Co 2+ ), copper (Cu 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) could improve tissue regeneration, although there is limited evidence on their effect on the macrophage response. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory potential of Co 2+ , Cu 2+ and Mg 2+ in macrophage polarization. Our results indicate that Mg 2+ and concentrations of Cu 2+ lower than 10 μM promoted the expression of M2 related genes. However, higher concentrations of Cu 2+ and Co 2+ (100 μM) stimulated pro-inflammatory marker expression, indicating a concentration dependent effect of these ions. Furthermore, Mg 2+ were able to decrease M1 marker expression in presence of a mild pro-inflammatory stimulus, showing that Mg 2+ can be used to modulate the inflammatory response, even though their application can be limited in a strong pro-inflammatory environment.

Nanomedical applications have increased significantly. This work aimed to fabricate and characterize cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoOnps) synthesized biologically via aqueous Alhagi maurorum extract and evaluate their cytotoxic and antimicrobial impacts. Green-synthesized CoOnps were prepared and analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometer UV–vis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy TEM, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis EDAX, Fourier transform infrared, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In vitro traits of green-synthesized CoOnps were studied on ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) using a Sulforhodamine B (SRB) method. The cytotoxic effect and IC50 were estimated. Moreover, concentrations of 10, 30, 40, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/mL CoOnps were applied to investigate their antimicrobial effect against Listeria , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus as gram +ve pathogenic bacteria, Bifidobacterium bifidum 2203, Bifidobacterium bifidum LMG 10,645, Bifidobacterium breve LMC 017, Bifidobacterium angulatum 2238 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15,707 as probiotics , E. coli as gram −ve bacterial model and yeast strain Candida albicans . CoOnps showed anti-ovarian cancer effects at 24.02 μg/mL. Furthermore, it exerted antimicrobial activity versus Listeria , Streptococcus, S. aureus, and E. coli were 31.66 ± 0.88, 24.33 ± 2.08, 25.66 ± 0.33, and 33.00 ± 6.08; however, they did not suppress the growth of Candida albicans and all tested Bifidobacterial strains up to concentrations of 500 μg/mL with significant difference compared to all concentrations p < 0.05. Green synthesis of CoOnps is a low-cost, eco-friendly and easily prepared method. Its impressive features as cytotoxic SKOV3, a cell line ovarian cancer and antibacterial effect for some gram +ve and −ve bacteria, besides maintaining probiotics, could candidate them as competitive agents for medical, pharmacological, agricultural and food applications.

Ferroptosis is a new type of iron-dependent cell death induced by a failure of the lipid repair protein GPX4 or the Xc- antiporter, which is essential for glutathione production. Some heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg) as well as zinc (Zn) are shown to induce ferroptotic cell death involving the generation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctioning, lipid peroxidation, and several other cellular etiologies. However, selenium (Se) treatment has been shown to enhance adaptive transcription responses to protect cells from ferroptosis. Heavy metals like Cadmium exposure activated ALK4/5 signaling via Smad3 and Akt signaling which leads to cell death mechanism. Continuous exposure to a small dose of mercury can damage tissues, and methylmercury bind to sulfhydryl proteins and GSH, this elevates oxidative stress, free radical accumulation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial damage, and inhibited the nuclear factor-κB pathway which leads to ferroptotic cell death. Animals exposed to nickel and cobalt may have increased lipid peroxidation which can induce ferroptosis. Glutathione depletion is caused by Zn intoxication and exposure to manganese. These metals are systemic toxins that have been shown adverse effects on humans. Ferroptosis has recently been related to several pathological disorders, including, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington's disease, as well as cardiovascular disease, and any type of cancer. For these disorders and some heavy metal toxicity, ferroptosis suppression needs to be looked upon as a promising therapeutic choice.

The present study demonstrates a sustainable phytogenic route for the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) utilizing Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. plant extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The whole plant was collected, shade-dried, powdered, and processed to obtain an aqueous extract, which was subsequently reacted with cobalt chloride hexahydrate stock solution, leading to the formation of CoO NPs via a green synthesis pathway. The appearance of a distinct color change confirmed nanoparticle formation. The resulting material was centrifuged, filtered, dried, and calcined to obtain blackish-violet CoO NPs. Comprehensive characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was performed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, EDS, SEM, and TEM analyses, confirming their structural, morphological, and elemental properties. Furthermore, the synthesized CoO NPs exhibited significant antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains. This eco-friendly and cost-effective green synthesis approach not only avoids hazardous chemicals but also provides a promising strategy for the development of nanomaterials with potential biological and environmental applications.

The use of copper (Cu 2+ ) and cobalt (Co 2+ ) has been described to stimulate blood vessel formation, a key process for the success of tissue regeneration. However, understanding how different concentrations of these ions affect cellular response is important to design scaffolds for their delivery to better fine tune the angiogenic response. On the one hand, gene expression analysis and the assessment of tubular formation structures with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) revealed that high concentrations (10μM) of Cu 2+ in early times and lower concentrations (0.1 and 1μM) at later times (day 7) enhanced angiogenic response. On the other hand, higher concentrations (25μM) of Co 2+ during all time course increased the angiogenic gene expression and 0.5, 5 and 25μM enhanced the ability to form tubular structures. To further explore synergistic effects combining both ions, the non-toxic concentrations were used simultaneously, although results showed an increased cell toxicity and no improvement of angiogenic response. These results provide useful information for the design of Cu 2+ or Co 2+ delivery scaffolds in order to release the appropriate concentration during time course for blood vessel stimulation.

In recent years, the global need for sustainable nanotechnological approaches has arisen due to the strong concern about drug-resistant microorganisms and water pollution being a major problem. In this study, Astrodaucus persicus was used for the green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (A@CoONPs), as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of key phytochemicals such as p-coumaric acid (9.63 mg/g) and rutin (7.38 mg/g), which can act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation. The nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques. The antibacterial, anticancer, free radical scavenging, water purification performance organic dye degradation and heavy metal removal, colorimetric sensor, and sunscreen properties (first-time) of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated. A@CoONPs demonstrated potent antibacterial effects against a broad spectrum of bacterial strains. They exhibited notable anticancer activity against AGS cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ = 66.61 µg/ml) and lower cytotoxicity toward normal L929 cells (IC₅₀ = 330.35 µg/ml), resulting in a 4.96-fold higher selectivity index compared to cisplatin. The nanoparticles could also degrade organic dyes, facilitate the removal and detection of heavy metal ions. Also, the nanoparticles exhibited a sun protection factor (SPF) of 22.66 at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Collectively, these results promise broad applications of green-synthesized A@CoONPs for medical, environmental, sensing, and cosmetic applications.

The reaction of CoCl2 · 6H2O with 6-chloro-2-hydroxypyridine (Hchp) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) afforded the complex [Co(chp)2(phen)] (1). Although this complex has been previously reported, it was obtained in this work under mild conditions (in acetonitrile at room temperature) and characterized for the first time by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The use of Co(F3CCOO)2 · 4H2O under similar conditions yielded a new trinuclear molecular complex [Co3(chp)2(F3CCOO)4(phen)2] (2). According to X-ray diffraction data, the cobalt(II) ions in complexes 1 and 2 are located in an octahedral environment (coordination number CNCo = 6). As an ambidentate ligand, Hchp exhibits different types of coordination modes in the resulting complexes 1 and 2. Additional stabilization of molecules in the crystal is achieved by π-π stacking between aromatic systems of coordinated phen ligands. The cytotoxic activity of 1 and [CoCl2(phen)2] · 1.5MeCN (3) against a panel of human cancer cell lines (SKBR3, HCT116, A549) and normal dermal fibroblasts (HDF) was evaluated using the MTT assay. Complex 3 demonstrated cytotoxic activity against the HCT116 cell line comparable to that of cisplatin, indicating its potential as a promising antitumor agent.