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"Cobalt industry"
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Cobalt red : how the blood of the Congo powers our lives
\"An unflinching investigation reveals the human rights abuses behind the Congo's cobalt mining operation-and the moral implications that affect us all. Cobalt Red is the searing, first-ever exposé of the immense toll taken on the people and environment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by cobalt mining, as told through the testimonies of the Congolese people themselves. Activist and researcher Siddharth Kara has traveled deep into cobalt territory to document the testimonies of the people living, working, and dying for cobalt. To uncover the truth about brutal mining practices, Kara investigated militia-controlled mining areas, traced the supply chain of child-mined cobalt from toxic pit to consumer-facing tech giants, and gathered shocking testimonies of people who endure immense suffering and even die mining cobalt. Cobalt is an essential component to every lithium-ion rechargeable battery made today, the batteries that power our smartphones, tablets, laptops, and electric vehicles. More than 70 percent of the world's supply of cobalt is mined in the Congo, often by peasants and children in sub-human conditions. Billions of people in the world cannot conduct their daily lives without participating in a human rights and environmental catastrophe in the Congo. In this stark and crucial book, Kara argues that we must all care about what is happening in the Congo-because we are all implicated\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Exogenous application of sulfur-rich thiourea (STU) to alleviate the adverse effects of cobalt stress in wheat
Heavy metal stress affects crop growth and yields as wheat (
Triticum aestivum
L.) growth and development are negatively affected under heavy metal stress. The study examined the effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl
2
) stress on wheat growth and development. To alleviate this problem, a pot experiment was done to analyze the role of sulfur-rich thiourea (STU) in accelerating the defense system of wheat plants against cobalt toxicity. The experimental treatments were, i) Heavy metal stress (a) control and (b) Cobalt stress (300 µM), ii) STU foliar applications; (a) control and (b) 500 µM single dose was applied after seven days of stress, and iii) Wheat varieties (a) FSD-2008 and (b) Zincol-2016. The results revealed that cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll
a
by 10%, chlorophyll
b
by 16%, and carotenoids by 5% while foliar application of STU increased these photosynthetic pigments by 16%, 15%, and 15% respectively under stress conditions as in contrast to control. In addition, cobalt stress enhances hydrogen peroxide production by 11% and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 10%. In comparison, STU applications at 500 µM reduced the production of these reactive oxygen species by 5% and by 20% by up-regulating the activities of antioxidants. Results have revealed that the activities of SOD improved by 29%, POD by 25%, and CAT by 28% under Cobalt stress. Furthermore, the foliar application of STU significantly increased the accumulation of osmoprotectants as TSS was increased by 23% and proline was increased by 24% under cobalt stress. Among wheat varieties, FSD-2008 showed better adaptation under Cobalt stress by showing enhanced photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities compared to Zincol-2016. In conclusion, the foliar-applied STU can alleviate the negative impacts of Cobalt stress by improving plant physiological attributes and upregulating the antioxidant defense system in wheat.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Cobalt hyperaccumulation in Rinorea cf. bengalensis
Knowledge on the ecophysiology of cobalt hyperaccumulator species is limited. The nickel hyperaccumulator Rinorea cf. bengalensis from Borneo can accumulate high concentrations of cobalt in nature. This study investigates the cobalt accumulation potential of Rinorea cf. bengalensis in relation to nickel concentrations in soils and the subsequent tissue and cellular-level distributions of cobalt, nickel and major cations. Seedlings of Rinorea cf. bengalensis were grown in mixed treatments on ultramafic soil containing a high concentration of available nickel. Cobalt and nickel salts were then added to the soil to study their interactions. The tissue and cellular-level distributions of cobalt, calcium, nickel, and potassium were investigated using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy. The maximum foliar cobalt concentration reached 1200 [mu]g g.sup.-1. Accumulation of cobalt competed with nickel accumulation although nickel seems to stimulate cobalt phloem translocation. Plants suffered toxicity in the treatment with the highest soil cobalt concentration. Cobalt and nickel have contrasting distribution patterns in the leaves of Rinorea cf. bengalensis, with cobalt mainly excreted on the surface of the leaves, whereas nickel is localised in foliar epidermal cells. Rinorea cf. bengalensis can accumulate high concentrations of cobalt, but is intrinsically more tolerant to nickel. It does not rely on a similar sequestration mechanism for both metals, which could explain the lesser tolerance for cobalt. Nickel appears to be essential for the plant to tolerate high cobalt concentrations. Further studies intending to develop agronomic practices are needed to determine the viability of Rinorea cf. bengalensis for nickel-cobalt agromining.
Journal Article
Synthesis of Quaternary-Ammonium-Lignin-Based Ionic Liquids and Comparison of Extraction Behavior of Co with 2-Ethylhexyl Phosphoric Acid Mono-2-Ethylhexyl Ester
The escalating demand for cobalt in modern industry necessitates the recycling or extraction of this resource for sustainable development. Despite the abundance of lignin in nature, its utilization remains low, highlighting the need to enhance its value-added potential. This study focuses on the synthesis of quaternary ammonium lignin (QAL) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507) as ionic liquid (QP–IL) compounds for the extraction of metal ions. A comparison of the extraction behavior of Co(II) and Ni(II) from chloride solution between QP–IL and P507 revealed varying extraction ratios under different conditions, with QP–IL demonstrating a higher cobalt extractability than P507. Furthermore, under identical conditions, QP–IL exhibited superior Co/Ni separation performance (βCo/Ni) compared to P507. Ultimately, QP–IL proved to be more effective than P507 in separating cobalt from mixed solutions.
Journal Article
Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals
This book describes and explains the methods by which three related ores and recyclables are made into high purity metals and chemicals, for materials processing. It focuses on present day processes and future developments rather than historical processes. Nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals are key elements for materials processing. They occur together in one book because they (i) map together on the periodic table (ii) occur together in many ores and (iii) are natural partners for further materials processing and materials manufacturing. They all are, for example, important catalysts with platinum group metals being especially important for reducing car and truck emissions. Stainless steels and CoNiFe airplane engine super alloys are examples of practical usage. The book emphasizes a sequential, building-block approach to the subject gained through the author’s previous writings and extensive experience. Due to the multiple metals involved and because each metal originates in several types of ore, e.g. tropical ores and arctic ores, this necessitates a multi-contributor work drawing from multiple networks and both engineering and science.
eBook
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathode for Power Batteries: Attenuation Mechanisms and Modification Strategies
In the past decade, in the context of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality era, the rapid development of new energy vehicles has led to higher requirements for the performance of strike forces such as battery cycle life, energy density, and cost. Lithium-ion batteries have gradually become mainstream in electric vehicle power batteries due to their excellent energy density, rate performance, and cycle life. At present, the most widely used cathode materials for power batteries are lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and LixNiyMnzCo1−y−zO2 cathodes (NCM). However, these materials exhibit bottlenecks that limit the improvement and promotion of power battery performance. In this review, the performance characteristics, cycle life attenuation mechanism (including structural damage, gas generation, and active lithium loss, etc.), and improvement methods (including surface coating and element-doping modification) of LFP and NCM batteries are reviewed. Finally, the development prospects of this field are proposed.
Journal Article
Restoration of Turbid Underwater Images of Cobalt Crusts Using Combined Homomorphic Filtering and a Polarization Imaging System
Marine cobalt-rich crusts, extensively used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics, are crucial mineral resources located on the ocean floor. To effectively exploit these valuable resources, underwater imaging is essential for real-time detection and distribution mapping in mining areas. However, the presence of suspended particles in the seabed mining environment severely degrades image quality due to light scattering and absorption, hindering the effective identification of the target objects. Traditional image processing techniques—including spatial and frequency domain methods—are ineffective in addressing the interference caused by suspended particles and offer only limited enhancement effects. This paper proposes a novel underwater image restoration method that combines polarization imaging and homomorphic filtering. By exploiting the differences in polarization characteristics between suspended particles and target objects, polarization imaging is used to separate backscattered light from the target signal, enhancing the clarity of the cobalt crust images. Homomorphic filtering is then applied to improve the intensity distribution and contrast of the orthogonal polarization images. To optimize the parameters, a genetic algorithm is used with image quality evaluation indices as the fitness function. The proposed method was compared with traditional image processing techniques and classical polarization imaging methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach more effectively suppresses backscattered light, enhancing the clarity of target object features. With significant improvements in image quality confirmed by several no-reference quality metrics, the method shows promise as a solution for high-quality underwater imaging in turbid environments, particularly for deep-sea mining of cobalt-rich crusts.
Journal Article
Alpha lipoic acid antagonizes cytotoxicity of cobalt nanoparticles by inhibiting ferroptosis-like cell death
As a main element in the hard metal industry, cobalt is one of the major components of human metal implants. Cobalt-containing implants, especially joint prostheses used for artificial joint replacement, can be corroded due to the complex physiological environment in vivo, producing a large number of nanoscale cobalt particles (Cobalt Nanoparticles, CoNPs). These CoNPs can be first accumulated around the implant to cause adverse local reactions and then enter into the blood vessels followed by reaching the liver, heart, brain, kidney, and other organs through systematic circulation, which leads to multi-system toxicity symptoms. To ensure the long-term existence of cobalt-containing implants in the body, it is urgently required to find out a safe and effective detoxification drug. Herein, we have demonstrated that CoNPs could induce the ferroptosis-like cell death through the enhancement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, cytoplasmic Fe
2+
level, lipid peroxidation, and consumption of reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. Importantly, α-lipoic acid (ALA), a natural antioxidant with the capability to scavenge free radicals and chelate toxic metals, was found to efficiently alleviate the adverse effects of CoNPs. The present study illustrates a new mechanism of CoNPs mediated by ferroptosis-like cytotoxicity and discloses an effective method for the detoxification of CoNPs by employing the natural antioxidant of ALA, providing a basis for further in vivo detoxification study.
Journal Article
Adsorption performance of sulfonamide-modified metal-organic frameworks in aqueous solution
Efficient treatment of cobalt ions from mining wastewater and effluents from nuclear facilities is critical for environmental protection. A zeolite imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), which belong to a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), was successfully synthesized and functionalized with sulfonamide to obtain a ZIF-90-SO.sub.2HN.sub.2 with high-efficiency adsorption of cobalt ions. The synthesized material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, N.sub.2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption performance of ZIF-90-SO.sub.2HN.sub.2 for Co(II) in simulated wastewater was studied. The synthesized ZIF-90-SO.sub.2HN.sub.2 has a maximum adsorption capacity of about 122.85 mg g.sup.-1 for Co(II) under the conditions of pH = 6.72 and T = 303 K with an initial solution concentration of 250 mg L.sup.-1. The adsorption equilibrium time is about 120 min. ZIF-90-SO.sub.2HN.sub.2 exhibits selective adsorption of Co(II) and Ni(II) in multi-metal ion solution. Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis reflects that the adsorption process of Co(II) by ZIF-90-SO.sub.2HN.sub.2 is spontaneous and endothermic, which is consistent with pseudo-second-order chemisorption and Langmuir monolayer adsorption.Please check and confirm whether the inserted affiliation details are correct.yesKindly check and confirm whether the corresponding author is correctly processed and also confirm mail id inserted is correct.yes
Journal Article
IBlue Gold/I, Game-Based Learning to Encourage Sustainable Consumption: The Case of Mobile Phones
The concept of sustainability is different in industry and in nature. In the case of mobile phones, the constant replacement by new models increases waste to ecologically unbearable limits. To encourage responsible and sustainable consumption, we designed an educational game in a role-play format, called Blue Gold. The objective was to make known the use of cobalt in the production of mobile phones and the methods and people involved in its extraction. We present three characters that each participant could become during the game: a Congolese girl, a Congolese boy, or an American boy. Through socio-educational dynamics of experiential learning, 308 undergraduate students and 31 of their teachers participated in the game. We set out to investigate whether knowing the reality of child labor and violence against women happening in cobalt mines could have any impact on consumer behavior, if the effect of the game could delay the desire to purchase a mobile phone or refuse to buy a new one. The results obtained revealed the influence of the role assumed in the game and the gender of the participants. They also revealed that this online role-playing game is effective in encouraging a more sustainable consumption behavior.
Journal Article