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Photoreceptor proteins enable organisms to sense and respond to light. The newly discovered CarH-type photoreceptors use a vitamin B 12 derivative, adenosylcobalamin, as the light-sensing chromophore to mediate light-dependent gene regulation. Here we present crystal structures of Thermus thermophilus CarH in all three relevant states: in the dark, both free and bound to operator DNA, and after light exposure. These structures provide visualizations of how adenosylcobalamin mediates CarH tetramer formation in the dark, how this tetramer binds to the promoter −35 element to repress transcription, and how light exposure leads to a large-scale conformational change that activates transcription. In addition to the remarkable functional repurposing of adenosylcobalamin from an enzyme cofactor to a light sensor, we find that nature also repurposed two independent protein modules in assembling CarH. These results expand the biological role of vitamin B 12 and provide fundamental insight into a new mode of light-dependent gene regulation. Crystal structures are presented of Thermus thermophilus CarH, a photoreceptor that uses a vitamin B 12 derivative, in all three relevant states: in the dark, both free and bound to operator DNA, and after light exposure. New insights into light-dependent gene regulation CarH is a photoreceptor that mediates light-dependent gene regulation in Myxococcus xanthus and Thermus thermophilus , using the vitamin B 12 derivative, adenosylcobalamin, as the light-sensing chromophore. Catherine Drennan and colleagues have solved X-ray crystal structures of CarH in all three relevant states: in the dark, both free and bound to operator DNA, and after light exposure. The structures reveal how exposure to light triggers large conformational changes that lead to the disassociation of CarH from DNA and relief of CarH-mediated transcriptional repression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes.

Objective. PainVision device was a developed application for the evaluation of pain intensity. The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) combined with pharmacological therapy in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). We also discussed the correlation of the measurements. Method. Forty patients with PHN were randomized for treatment with PRF combined with pharmacological therapy (PRF group, n=20) or pharmacological therapy (control group, n=20) at postoperative 48 hours. The efficacy measure was pain degree (PD) that was assessed by PainVision and visual analog scale (VAS), short form Mcgill pain questionnaire (SF-Mcgill), and numeric rate scale sleep interference score (NRSSIS). Correlations between PD, VAS, SF-Mcgill, and NRSSIS were determined. Results. The PD for persistent pain (PP) and breakthrough pain (BTP) at postoperative 48 hours assessed by PainVision were significantly lower in PRF group than in control group (PD-PP, P<0.01; PD-BTP, P<0.01). PD and VAS were highly correlated for both persistent pain (r=0.453, ρ=0.008) and breakthrough pain (r=0.64, ρ=0.001). Conclusion. PRF was well tolerated and superior to isolated pharmacological therapy in the treatment of PHN. PainVision device showed great value in the evaluation of pain intensity and PD had an excellent correlation with VAS and SF-Mcgill.