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Coffee has been grown on Java for the commercial market since the early eighteenth century, when the Dutch East India Company began buying from peasant producers in the Priangan highlands. What began as a commercial transaction, however, soon became a system of compulsory production. This book shows how the Dutch East India Company mobilized land and labor, why they turned to force cultivation, and what effects the brutal system they installed had on the economy and society.

Coffee has been grown on Java for the commercial market since the early eighteenth century, when the Dutch East India Company began buying from peasant producers in the Priangan highlands. What began as a commercial transaction, however, soon became a system of compulsory production. This book shows how the Dutch East India Company mobilised land and labour, why they turned to force cultivation, and what effects the brutal system they installed had on the economy and society.

In 1875 the Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg introduced two coca plants on the island of Java, which was then part of the Netherlands East Indies. Within a thirty-year period, starting in 1892, Java succeeded in becoming the world's leading exporter of coca leaves, surpassing the traditional coca producers in Peru and Bolivia. How and why did this occur? We argue that the story of the transformation of Javanese coca into \"Java coca\" as part of a \"branding\" process is closely linked to the rise of the ethical pharmaceutical industry in Europe and a laboratory revolution in botany, chemistry, and pharmacy. The story is also one of transnational circulation of experts, expertise, and the coca plants and leaves that traveled among South America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, this case study illustrates the nineteenth-century transition from colonial botany and \"green imperialism\" to what we conceptualize as \"colonial agro-industrialism.\"