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"Cogeneration of electric power and heat."
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Vendor and User Requirements and Responsibilities in Nuclear Cogeneration Projects
Nuclear cogeneration to produce electricity and process heat for nonelectric applications such as desalination, district heating or cooling or hydrogen production can play an important role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The implementation of nuclear cogeneration projects is inherently complex and such projects require a clear understanding of actions and responsibilities during the design, operation and management phases. This publication focuses on analysing the requirements and responsibilities of users and vendors and correspondence between them through the life cycle to of a nuclear cogeneration project, highlighting experience and lessons learned from retrofit and new build projects.
eBook
Small and Micro Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
Small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) systems are a form of cogeneration technology suitable for domestic and community buildings, commercial establishments and industrial facilities, as well as local heat networks.
eBook
Managing innovation and standards : a case in the European heating industry
This book provides an in-depth study of the management of standards and regulation in sustainable and radical innovation development. It considers the case of micro Combined Heat and Power (mCHP) technology. The developers of this radical innovation in the European heating sector encountered major conflicts when attempting to create or adapt standards when bringing the technology to market. Utilising rich research data and interviews with key actors, the author uses this case to derive a grounded theory on the management of standards and regulation during an innovation process. The results also have important implications for innovators, which are reflected in clear advice for practice.
Book
Cogeneration Power Plants - Planning and Evaluation
Many on-site power plants either fail outright or perform far below expectations-all because of poor planning and evaluation of the power plants from the beginning. This book is intended to help those interested in cogeneration power plants by laying out a thorough and proven planning methodology for new facilities, as well as an evaluation methodology for existing facilities. There are many good reasons to want your own power plant including: improved power quality, increased reliability, and savings on energy expenses-buying power wholesale, rather than at retail prices. Although the economics are certainly important, there are a wide range of other advantages to consider, the relative value of which will vary depending on your unique circumstances.
eBook
Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: Modelling Optimization, and Operation
This book was written by an international author team at the forefront of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems R&D. It offers systematic coverage of state-of-the-art mathematical modeling, structure optimization, and CCHP system operation, supplemented with numerous illustrative case studies and examples.
eBook
Optimization of Exergy Output Rate in a Supercritical COsub.2 Brayton Cogeneration System
To address low energy utilization efficiency and severe exergy destruction from direct discharge of high-temperature turbine exhaust, this study proposes a supercritical CO[sub.2] Brayton cogeneration system with a series-connected hot water heat exchanger for stepwise waste heat recovery. Based on finite-time thermodynamics, a physical model that provides a more realistic framework by incorporating finite temperature difference heat transfer, irreversible compression, and expansion losses is established. Aiming to maximize exergy output rate under the constraint of fixed total thermal conductance, the decision variables, including working fluid mass flow rate, pressure ratio, and thermal conductance distribution ratio, are optimized. Optimization yields a 16.06% increase in exergy output rate compared with the baseline design. The optimal parameter combination is a mass flow rate of 79 kg/s and a pressure ratio of 5.64, with thermal conductance allocation increased for the regenerator and cooler, while decreased for the heater. The obtained results could provide theoretical guidance for enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability in S-CO[sub.2] cogeneration systems, with potential applications in industrial waste heat recovery and power generation.
Journal Article
Evaluating the optimal timing and capacity of investments in flexible combined heat and power generation for energy-intensive industries
Substantial R &D efforts are currently directed towards the development of combined heat and power (CHP) systems that automatically and seamlessly connect to the power grid. In this paper we develop a real options model to assess the impact that the operational flexibility characterizing such systems will have on the optimal timing and capacity associated with investments in CHP plants. We take the viewpoint of a manufacturer operating in an energy-intensive industry who contemplates investing in CHP. We discuss and compare investments in two types of CHP systems: a standard one that is operationally rigid and a technologically advanced one that is operationally flexible. The interaction between temporal and operational flexibility under uncertainty and irreversibility is central to our analysis. We show that operational flexibility guarantees earlier investment but has an ambiguous effect in terms of capacity. In particular, when operational flexibility is very valuable the potential investor is opting for investing in a plant with larger productive capacity. The potential investor chooses a smaller CHP unit if otherwise. A numerical exercise calibrated using data from the Italian pulp and paper and electricity industries complements our theoretical analysis.
Journal Article
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Combined Heat and Power Systems with SOFCs
The article presents an overview of experimental layout design solutions and the general operation scheme of combined heat and power systems with a high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This system is an environmentally friendly and energy-saving way to produce electricity and heat. The use of high-temperature SOFCs makes it possible to obtain an electrical efficiency of 45–55%. Combining the electrochemical and mechanical system can increase the total efficiency by up to 60–65% in a hybrid power plant. This article discusses the structure and relationship between the components of a hybrid power plant and various modification options for efficient power generation. The technological schemes for existing and tested hybrid power plants with an SOFC and gas turbine are presented and described in detail. When designing a hybrid power plant, the key factors are the choice of design, heat source, and fuel-reforming method; the design of a solid oxide fuel cell and the number of modules in a stack; selecting devices for generating electricity with the development of cogeneration or trigeneration cycles (for possible use in thermal power plants and for the energy supply of social facilities); the direction of material flows within the system; pressure and tightness; and the interconnection of the hybrid power system elements. Researchers have accumulated and described in scientific papers extensive experience in designing, theoretical research, and numerical modeling of hybrid power plants with high-temperature SOFCs. It is shown that experimental hybrid power plants based on SOFCs of the megawatt class are in operation. Hybrid systems with an SOFC are designed only for the kilowatt power class. Trigeneration systems with a steam turbine exist only in the form of theoretical calculations. Trigeneration systems show the highest electrical efficiency, but the highest construction and service costs. Systems based on high-temperature SOFCs can be used for autonomous systems, and in combination with gas and steam turbines only at thermal power plants. Experimental laboratory studies are limited by the high cost of installations and the difficulties of testing the possibility of using combined heat and power systems on an industrial scale. Therefore, a more detailed study of the relationship between the units of a combined heat and power system is recommended in order to achieve the high efficiency indicators obtained from theoretical studies.
Journal Article