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"Cognition in old age"
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Associations Between Physical Performance and Executive Function in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Gait Speed and the Timed “Up & Go” Test
Older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are at higher risk for developing Alzheimer disease. Physical performance decline on gait and mobility tasks in conjunction with executive dysfunction has implications for accelerated functional decline, disability, and institutionalization in sedentary older adults with aMCI.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether performance on 2 tests commonly used by physical therapists (usual gait speed and Timed \"Up & Go\" Test [TUG]) are associated with performance on 2 neuropsychological tests of executive function (Trail Making Test, part B [TMT-B], and Stroop-Interference, calculated from the Stroop Word Color Test) in sedentary older adults with aMCI.
The study was a cross-sectional analysis of 201 sedentary older adults with memory impairment participating in a longitudinal intervention study of cognitive function, aging, exercise, and health promotion.
Physical performance speed on gait and mobility tasks was measured via usual gait speed and the TUG (at fast pace). Executive function was measured with the TMT-B and Stroop-Interference measures.
Applying multiple linear regression, usual gait speed was associated with executive function on both the TMT-B (β=-0.215, P=.003) and Stroop-Interference (β=-0.195, P=.01) measures, indicating that slower usual gait speed was associated with lower executive function performance. Timed \"Up & Go\" Test scores (in logarithmic transformation) also were associated with executive function on both the TMT-B (β=0.256, P<.001) and Stroop-Interference (β=0.228, P=.002) measures, indicating that a longer time on the TUG was associated with lower executive function performance. All associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, depressive symptoms, medical comorbidity, and body mass index.
The cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow for inferences of causation.
Physical performance speed was associated with executive function after adjusting for age, sex, and age-related factors in sedentary older adults with aMCI. Further research is needed to determine mechanisms and early intervention strategies to slow functional decline.
Journal Article
Body mass index and trajectories of the cognition among Chinese middle and old-aged adults
This study aims to investigate the association between trajectories of the cognition and body mass index (BMI) among Chinese middle and old-aged adults. A total of 5693 adults (age 45 +) whose cognitive score is higher than average at the baseline were included from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS:2011–2015). Cognitive function was measured by Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in Chinese version. The Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was adopted to identify the potential heterogeneity of longitudinal changes over the past 5 years and to investigate the relationship between baseline BMI and trajectories of cognitive function. Three trajectories were identified in results: the slow decline (37.92%), the rapid decline (6.71%) and the stable function (55.37%). After controlling for other variables, underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m
2
) was associated with the rapid and slow decline trajectories. Obesity (BMI > 28 kg/m
2
) was associated with the slow decline trajectory. High-risk people of cognitive decline can be screened by measuring BMI.
Journal Article
The aging brain : functional adaptation across adulthood
\"Brain aging has long been seen as a process of deterioration and decline. Today, this view been challenged with research showing that not all cognitive processes decline with age, that some improve over the course of adulthood, and those that improve can often compensate for those that decline. Chapters in this multidisciplinary volume examine the neural mechanisms underlying changes in the aging brain, changes in learning and memory, risk and protective factors, and the assessment and prevention of cognitive decline\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Comparing Adapted Small-Sided Team Sports and Aerobic Exercise with or without Cognitive Games: Effects on Fitness and Cognition in Older Men
This study investigated the effects of 12-week interventions on cognitive and physical fitness adaptations in older men with cognitive decline. We employed a randomized, parallel, and controlled design with five groups: team sports (TS), team sports with cognitive training (TS+C), aerobic exercise (A), aerobic exercise with cognitive training (A+C), and a control group (Control). Fifty older male volunteers (mean age: 69.3 ± 3.2 years) were included in the analysis. Interventions consisted of two 60-minute sessions per week for 12 weeks. Both TS and A groups participated in structured physical training, with TS involving 5v5 handball and football games, and A focusing on circuit training exercises. The TS+C and A+C groups additionally incorporated 20-minute cognitive training sessions using a software, targeting memory, attention, and executive functions. The control group maintained their usual routines. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Physical fitness was assessed through six tests of the Senior Fitness Test. Results revealed significant post-intervention differences in MoCA (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.622), chair stand (p = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.189), up and go (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.516), and 6-minute walk test (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.333) scores among groups. Post hoc analysis showed that TS, TS+C, A, and A+C groups significantly improved in MoCA, chair stand, up and go, and 6-minute walk test compared to the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for arm curl, sit and reach, or back scratch tests. Our findings suggest that 12-week interventions incorporating team sports or aerobic exercise, with or without cognitive training, can improve cognitive function and physical fitness in older men with cognitive decline, and may contribute to strategies aimed at promoting healthy aging.
Journal Article
Cross-sectional associations between 24-hour time-use composition, grey matter volume and cognitive function in healthy older adults
Background
Increasing physical activity (PA) is an effective strategy to slow reductions in cortical volume and maintain cognitive function in older adulthood. However, PA does not exist in isolation, but coexists with sleep and sedentary behaviour to make up the 24-hour day. We investigated how the balance of all three behaviours (24-hour time-use composition) is associated with grey matter volume in healthy older adults, and whether grey matter volume influences the relationship between 24-hour time-use composition and cognitive function.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 378 older adults (65.6 ± 3.0 years old, 123 male) from the ACTIVate study across two Australian sites (Adelaide and Newcastle). Time-use composition was captured using 7-day accelerometry, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure grey matter volume both globally and across regions of interest (ROI: frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampi, and lateral ventricles). Pairwise correlations were used to explore univariate associations between time-use variables, grey matter volumes and cognitive outcomes. Compositional data analysis linear regression models were used to quantify associations between ROI volumes and time-use composition, and explore potential associations between the interaction between ROI volumes and time-use composition with cognitive outcomes.
Results
After adjusting for covariates (age, sex, education), there were no significant associations between time-use composition and any volumetric outcomes. There were significant interactions between time-use composition and frontal lobe volume for long-term memory (p = 0.018) and executive function (p = 0.018), and between time-use composition and total grey matter volume for executive function (p = 0.028). Spending more time in moderate-vigorous PA was associated with better long-term memory scores, but only for those with smaller frontal lobe volume (below the sample mean). Conversely, spending more time in sleep and less time in sedentary behaviour was associated with better executive function in those with smaller total grey matter volume.
Conclusions
Although 24-hour time use was not associated with total or regional grey matter independently, total grey matter and frontal lobe grey matter volume moderated the relationship between time-use composition and several cognitive outcomes. Future studies should investigate these relationships longitudinally to assess whether changes in time-use composition correspond to changes in grey matter volume and cognition.
Journal Article
No evidence of reduced capacity during highly demanding cognitive tasks in healthy older adults at electroencephalographic risk of cognitive impairment
Healthy older adults with excessive theta absolute power (AP) are considered at electroencephalographic risk of developing cognitive impairment 7 to 10 years later. Although this population may exhibit a normotypic cognitive state, as revealed by traditional neuropsychological assessment, less is known about their performance during tasks with high cognitive demand and whether the degree of excessive theta AP can be used to predict their performance, which was our objective. We compared the scores from highly demanding memory tasks (i.e., the Visual Short-Term Memory Binding Test (VSTMBT) and the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scale for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-II)) between older adults with and without excessive theta AP. No significant differences were found between the groups for any test score or for the predictive value of the theta AP for performance. The results of this study provide evidence that older adults with excessive theta APs do not exhibit impaired performance in highly demanding cognitive contexts. The possible role of cognitive reserve in alleviating evidence of deterioration is discussed.
Journal Article
Level of cognitive functioning among elderly patients in urban area of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study
Bangladesh is experiencing rapid urbanization and a growing elderly population, particularly in urban areas. Cognitive decline, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, is a prevalent issue among elderly populations globally. Understanding the current state of cognitive functioning in this demographic is essential for informing effective healthcare plans and programs. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of cognitive decline and its associated factors among urban-dwelling elderly adults in Bangladesh, using the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) to assess cognitive function. This cross-sectional study employed systematic random sampling among 150 elderly participants (aged 60–85 years) from the outpatient department of the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The mean age of participants was 67.41 ± 6.31 years, with a male predominance (53.3%). Cognitive function was impaired in a majority of participants, with 53.3% classified as having dementia, 38.7% with MNCD, and only 8% showing normal cognitive function. Significant predictors of cognitive function included age (r = -0.451, P < 0.001), educational level (P = 0.009), and diabetes (P = 0.038). Female participants had lower mean cognitive function scores compared to males (21.16 ± 5.25 vs. 22.03 ± 4.36, P = 0.271). Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent among elderly individuals in urban Bangladesh, with age, educational level, and diabetes being key predictors. These findings highlight the need for public health interventions and policies focused on early screening and targeted healthcare for cognitive decline in this demographic.
Journal Article