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"Cognitive Artificial Intelligence"
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Navigating legal challenges of deepfakes in the American context: a call to action
Deepfakes are a rapidly growing technological trend that is revolutionizing many digital processes, from media production to digital access. They offer various advantages for both users and creators alike. For example, they can provide entertainment value by allowing users to create humorous or satirical versions of existing media content without having to film new scenes. They can also automate production workflows by generating background characters or extras for movies. Additionally, deepfakes could be used in healthcare applications, such as virtual avatars for doctors who require assistance during consultations with patients located far from hospitals or clinics. However, deepfakes also pose a threat to society as they can be used for malicious purposes, including spreading false information or exploiting the likenesses of others for financial gain. To address these concerns, various types of regulations have been introduced across jurisdictions worldwide. These laws prohibit doctored audio recordings and visual materials aimed at influencing election outcomes. Some countries have even gone as far as requiring companies producing deepfake materials to identify themselves as such, to make audiences aware that what they are seeing may not always be authentic representations of events. In this paper, the author will discuss what deepfakes are, their potential benefits and risks, the various types of deepfakes that exist, and how the USA has attempted to regulate them. The author will also suggest some policy recommendations aimed at mitigating the risks associated with deepfakes while still preserving their creative potential.
Journal Article
The future of the artificial mind
\"Human beings are both fascinated and scared by the possibility that a machine can match our cognitive abilities. When Deep Blue, the first computer chess-playing by IBM was able in 1996 to win the human world champion, Garry Kasparov, under standard chess tournament time controls, it seemed a genuine milestone in A.I. adventure. Deep Blue strategy was based on a brute force approach. This account, however, revealed its limits with more sophisticated games, like \"Go\", the Chinese chessboard game much more complex than chess. Eventually, by means of Deep Learning Networks, in 2016 artificial machines become able to win also the world champion of \"Go\", and this opened a new era of enthusiasm toward the possibility of A.I. to surpass human cognitive abilities\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Inventing Japan’s ‘robotics culture’: The repeated assembly of science, technology, and culture in social robotics
Using interviews, participant observation, and published documents, this article analyzes the co-construction of robotics and culture in Japan through the technical discourse and practices of robotics researchers. Three cases from current robotics research – the seal-like robot PARO, the Humanoid Robotics Project HRP-2 humanoid, and ‘kansei robotics’ – show the different ways in which scientists invoke culture to provide epistemological grounding and possibilities for social acceptance of their work. These examples show how the production and consumption of social robotic technologies are associated with traditional crafts and values, how roboticists negotiate among social, technical, and cultural constraints while designing robots, and how humans and robots are constructed as cultural subjects in social robotics discourse. The conceptual focus is on the repeated assembly of cultural models of social behavior, organization, cognition, and technology through roboticists’ narratives about the development of advanced robotic technologies. This article provides a picture of robotics as the dynamic construction of technology and culture and concludes with a discussion of the limits and possibilities of this vision in promoting a culturally situated understanding of technology and a multicultural view of science.
Journal Article
Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm
Since the mid 1960s, researchers in computer science have famously referred to chess as the 'drosophila' of artificial intelligence (AI). What they seem to mean by this is that chess, like the common fruit fly, is an accessible, familiar, and relatively simple experimental technology that nonetheless can be used productively to produce valid knowledge about other, more complex systems. But for historians of science and technology, the analogy between chess and drosophila assumes a larger significance. As Robert Kohler has ably described, the decision to adopt drosophila as the organism of choice for genetics research had far-reaching implications for the development of 20th century biology. In a similar manner, the decision to focus on chess as the measure of both human and computer intelligence had important and unintended consequences for AI research. This paper explores the emergence of chess as an experimental technology, its significance in the developing research practices of the AI community, and the unique ways in which the decision to focus on chess shaped the program of AI research in the decade of the 1970s. More broadly, it attempts to open up the virtual black box of computer software — and of computer games in particular — to the scrutiny of historical and sociological analysis.
Journal Article
Democratization of Expertise
This book discusses societal and cultural revolutions throughout history brought about by the adoption of new technology and gives brief histories of human cognitive augmentation and artificial intelligence. In the coming cognitive systems era, humans, by collaboratively partnering with cognitive systems, will together achieve expert-level performance-synthetic expertise-with humans performing some of the cognitive processing and cognitive systems performing some. As the capabilities of cognitive systems improve over time, the balance of thinking will shift from being mostly human to mostly artificial. This book introduces the Levels of Cognitive Augmentation to describe this shift. Drawing from previous research in cognitive systems and intelligent agent theory, the knowledge stores required for expertise are identified in a Knowledge Level description of expertise. This book introduces a new abstract level, called the Expertise Level to describe the skills needed for expertise. Combining the knowledge-level and expertise-level descriptions, this book introduces the Model of Expertise. This book demonstrates use of the Model of Expertise by presenting several synthetic expert architectures: a synthetic teacher (Synthia), a synthetic friend/therapist (Sy), a synthetic elderly companion (Lois), a synthetic research companion (Synclair), and an automated scientific hypothesis explorer (Ashe).
This book is intended for anyone interested in the fields of cognitive systems, cognitive computing, cognitive augmentation, or artificial intelligence or the impact of technologies from these fields on society. Anyone doing research and development in the area of cognitive systems or artificial intelligence will find this book particularly useful.
eBook
Artificial Intelligence and The Environmental Crisis
A radical and challenging book which argues that artificial intelligence needs a completely different set of foundations, based on ecological intelligence rather than human intelligence, if it is to deliver on the promise of a better world. This can usher in the greatest transformation in human history, an age of re-integration. Our very existence is dependent upon our context within the Earth System, and so, surely, artificial intelligence must also be grounded within this context, embracing emergence, interconnectedness and real-time feedback. We discover many positive outcomes across the societal, economic and environmental arenas and discuss how this transformation can be delivered.
Key Features:
Identifies a key weakness in current AI thinking, that threatens any hope of a better world.
Highlights the importance of realizing that systems theory is an essential foundation for any technology that hopes to positively transform our world.
Emphasizes the need for a radical new approach to AI, based on ecological systems.
Explains why ecosystem intelligence, not human intelligence, offers the best framework for AI.
Examines how this new approach will impact on the three arenas of society, environment and economics, ushering in a new age of re-integration.
eBook