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"Cognitive styles."
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Cognitive Style as Environmentally Sensitive Individual Differences in Cognition: A Modern Synthesis and Applications in Education, Business, and Management
The key aims of this article are to relate the construct of cognitive style to current theories in cognitive psychology and neuroscience and to outline a framework that integrates the findings on individual differences in cognition across different disciplines. First, we characterize cognitive style as patterns of adaptation to the external world that develop on the basis of innate predispositions, the interactions among which are shaped by changing environmental demands. Second, we show that research on cognitive style in psychology and cross-cultural neuroscience, on learning styles in education, and on decision-making styles in business and management all address the same phenomena. Third, we review cognitive-psychology and neuroscience research that supports the validity of the concept of cognitive style. Fourth, we show that various styles from disparate disciplines can be organized into a single taxonomy. This taxonomy allows us to integrate all the well-documented cognitive, learning, and decision-making styles; all of these style types correspond to adaptive systems that draw on different levels of information processing. Finally, we discuss how the proposed approach might promote greater coherence in research and application in education, in business and management, and in other disciplines.
Journal Article
The relationship between perfectionism and stress generation: the moderating role of looming cognitive style
The stress generation hypothesis suggests that certain maladaptive personality traits significantly contribute to the generation of negative life events (NLEs) in people’s lives through inherent maladaptive mechanisms. Previous research indicated that the impact of stress generating risk factors might be augmented or weakened by other transdiagnostic risk factors such as the looming cognitive style (LCS) which includes physical and social looming that have been found to predict different domains of life stressors. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the moderating roles of the dimensions of the LCS separately, in the relationship between perfectionism (i.e., socially prescribed perfectionism) and stress generation in a group of emerging adults. One-hundred and ninety nine (134 females) undergraduate students aged 18–25 (
M
= 20.23,
SD
= 1.56) completed an online questionnaire that measured their level of perfectionism, LCS, and NLEs twice over a six-week interval. The results showed that only social looming significantly moderated the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) and interpersonal NLEs at time 2. These findings show the augmenting impact of social looming on the stress generating effect of elevated SPP, highlighting the importance of examining co-occuring vulnerabilities rather than single risk factors in the stress generation process.
Journal Article
Unscrambling the Dynamics of Danger: Scientific Foundations and Evidence for the Looming Vulnerability Model and Looming Cognitive Style in Anxiety
BackgroundA revised looming vulnerability model is described that updates the original conceptual model and synthesizes new findings and evidence. The revised model extends the notion of dynamic threat by describing the role of cognitive-perceptual distortions. Moreover, it suggests that dynamic threat perceptions, particularly that threats are approaching, serve as warning signals that lower the threshold for appraising threat, influencing negative emotional responses (primarily but not only anxiety and fear), cognitive-affective processing, behavior, and maladaptive coping. Individual differences in “looming cognitive style” can lead to transdiagnostic vulnerability to anxiety (and less so, to depression), maladaptive defensive reactions, cognitive-affective (experiential) avoidance, and stress generation.MethodsThis article reviews the conceptualization proposed by the revised looming vulnerability model, and comprehensively reviews its scientific foundation, and current supporting evidence that has accrued for the model across diverse research domains.ResultsThe revised conceptualization of the looming vulnerability model is amply supported by the accumulated research, which highlights the importance of dynamic stimuli for attention, memory, emotional, and neurological response. Likewise, the looming cognitive style is supported by a substantial number of studies, linking it to cognitive vulnerability to anxiety, biased threat processing, maladaptive coping and cognitive-affective avoidance, and developmental antecedents.ConclusionsThe review of evidence supports the revised looming vulnerability model's tenets about the importance of dynamic stimulusi features, which previous models have neglected, and of the looming cognitive style, which is proposed as a distinct cognitive vulnerability Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Journal Article
Training cognition : optimizing efficiency, durability, and generalizability
\"This book describes research on training using cognitive psychology to build a complete empirical and theoretical picture of the training process. It includes a review of relevant cognitive psychological literature, a summary of recent laboratory experiments, a presentation of original theoretical ideas, and a discussion of possible applications to real-world training settings\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The effects of presentation formats and consumer cognitive styles on consumer’s discount preferences
Purpose
This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions of consumer’s preference on a multiple-percentage discount over an economically equivalent single discount.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors tested their predictions using two large-scale online experiments accompanied by a fully controlled laboratory experiment.
Findings
This study shows that the preference for a multiple-percentage discounts over an economically equivalent single-percentage discount is because consumers directly add the raw values of multiple-percentage discounts. The preference is less prominent if the percentage discounts are presented using round (vs non-round) numbers and is strengthened by experiential-thinking style.
Research limitations/implications
This study examined consumer preferences between a single-percentage discount and an economic equivalent multiple-percentage discount. A promising research topic is exploring consumer preferences between multiple-percentage discounts.
Practical implications
Understanding how different presentation formats of the same price discount can lead to different evaluations enables managers and marketers to ensure a more effective promotional strategy.
Originality/value
This study extends literature on price-based promotions by demonstrating how consumers’ preferences for multiple discounts can be strengthened or weakened.
Journal Article
Examining multiple intelligences and digital technologies for enhanced learning opportunities
\"\"This book examines the relationship between multiple intelligences and information and communication technology in formal and informal learning settings\"--Provided by publisher\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
How would you describe a familiar route or put in order the landmarks along it? It depends on your cognitive style!
Cognitive style refers to the preference in perceiving, organizing and remembering information. Different cognitive styles have been identified across the years. Amongst others, field-dependence/independence cognitive style is the extent to which the person perceives part of a field as discrete from the surrounding environment as a whole, rather than embedded in the field. Instead, visualizer/verbalizer cognitive style involves the preference in processing visual versus verbal information. Both cognitive styles can influence navigational behaviour. The present study aimed at clarifying the extent to which field-dependence/independence and visualizer/verbalizer cognitive styles affect route-based navigational tasks. Therefore, 44 healthy participants from L’Aquila City were assessed for their cognitive styles and were asked to perform two different navigational tasks: reorder paths using a series of photos depicting landmarks from L’Aquila (visually presented task, visual path task—VisPT); orally describe specific paths of L’Aquila (verbally presented task, verbal path task—VerPT). Results showed that the field-independence cognitive style predicted response times of VisPT, whereas the visualizer/verbalizer cognitive style predicted the instructions given when performing the VerPT, namely, the number of metrical distance indicators provided by participants. By investigating two different cognitive styles, the study clarifies that field-dependence/independence and visualizer/verbalizer cognitive styles can play a different role in spatial navigation and suggests that the material by which a navigational task is presented affects its performance.
Journal Article