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"Color Experiments."
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Light makes colors
Simple text explains why people see different colors and how materials reflect light to make the colors.
Book
Development and performance simulations of a soft X‐ray and XUV split‐and‐delay unit at beamlines FL23/24 at FLASH2 for time‐resolved two‐color pump–probe experiments
The split‐and‐delay unit (SDU) at FLASH2 will be upgraded to enable the simultaneous operation of two temporally, spatially and spectrally separated probe beams when the free‐electron laser undulators are operated in a two‐color scheme. By means of suitable thin filters and an optical grating beam path a wide range of combinations of photon energies in the spectral range from 150 eV to 780 eV can be chosen. In this paper, simulations of the spectral transmission and performance parameters of the filter technique are discussed, along with a monochromator with dispersion compensation presently under construction. A set‐up for two‐color experiments at FLASH2 utilizing the split‐and‐delay unit at FL23 and FL24 is presented. It will be achieved by using suitable filters and an additional grating beam path with a dispersion compensated monochromator.
Journal Article
A kid's book of experiments with color
\"Details science experiments about color with explanations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Radical Anions of Oxidized vs. Reduced Oxytocin: Influence of Disulfide Bridges on CID and Vacuum UV Photo-Fragmentation
The nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) is used as a model sulfur-containing peptide to study the damage induced by vacuum UV (VUV) radiations. In particular, the effect of the presence (or absence in reduced OT) of oxytocin’s internal disulfide bridge is evaluated in terms of photo-fragmentation yield and nature of the photo-fragments. Intact, as well as reduced, OT is studied as dianions and radical anions. Radical anions are prepared and photo-fragmented in two-color experiments (UV + VUV) in a linear ion trap. VUV photo-fragmentation patterns are analyzed and compared, and radical-induced mechanisms are proposed. The effect of VUV is principally to ionize but secondary fragmentation is also observed. This secondary fragmentation seems to be considerably enabled by the initial position of the radical on the molecule. In particular, the possibility to form a radical on free cysteines seems to increase the susceptibility to VUV fragmentation. Interestingly, disulfide bridges, which are fundamental for protein structure, could also be responsible for an increased resistance to ionizing radiations.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Experiments with light and color
This introduction to the power and versatility of light includes experiments in white light, the color spectrum, and how light changes direction when it passes from one medium to another.
Book
Functional Identification of the Isopentenyl Diphosphate Isomerase Gene from Fritillaria unibracteata
Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of isoprenoids. In this paper, the in vivo biological activity of the IPI gene from Fritillaria unibracteata (FuIPI) was investigated. Combining a color complementation experiment with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis showed that the FuIPI gene could accumulate β-carotene in Escherichia coli, and Glu190 was identified as a key residue for its catalytic activity. Bioinformatics analysis together with subcellular localization indicated that the FuIPI protein was localized in chloroplasts. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, FuIPI transgenic plants had higher abscisic acid content and strengthening tolerance to drought and salt stress. Overall, these results indicated that the FuIPI gene had substantial biological activity in vivo, hopefully laying a foundation for its further research and application in liliaceous ornamental and medicinal plants.
Journal Article
Delayed plumage maturation increases overwinter survival in North Island robins
Many bird species show delayed plumage maturation (DPM), retaining sub-adult plumage until after their first breeding season. Most explanations assume that DPM increases fitness over the breeding season. However, unless birds undergo a full moult before breeding, DPM could also be an adaptation to increase survival over the previous winter. The winter adaptation hypothesis has never been tested owing to the difficulty of measuring overwinter survival. We experimentally tested this hypothesis in North Island robins (Petroica longipes) using a closed island population where we could accurately estimate survival. The experiment involved dyeing 41 juveniles to mimic adult males, and comparing their survival with 41 control juveniles treated with the same peroxide base minus the pigment. The population was monitored with a series of resighting surveys, and mark-recapture analysis used to estimate overwinter survival. Survival probability was estimated to be 10% for dyed birds versus 61% for control birds in 2001, and 29% for dyed birds versus 40% for control birds in the winter of 2002, supporting the winter adaptation hypothesis for DPM. Access to suitable habitat is the key factor limiting juvenile survival in this population, and the locations where dyed juveniles were sighted suggest that they were often excluded from suitable areas.
Journal Article
Change of Color Appearance in Photopic, Mesopic and Scotopic Vision
Mesopic vision describes a range of light levels where vision is mediated by both cones and rods. The appearance of color in mesopic vision differs drastically from that in photopic vision, where only cones mediate visual information. We used a haploscopic color matching technique to investigate the color appearance under various illuminance levels, ranging from photopic to scotopic via mesopic levels. The observers did color matching between a test color chip under various illuminance levels and a matching color stimulus presented on the Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) display under the photopic illuminance condition. The results showed that not only chroma and lightness but hue of most color chips changed with illuminance. The manner of the hue changed depended on the color of the test chip, while matching points approached a neutral gray with decrease in illuminance level for all test chips. Chroma reduced continuously with decrease of the illuminance level until 0.1 lx for reddish and yellowish color chips or until 1 lx for greenish and bluish ones. Beyond those illuminance levels, chroma was approximately constant. Lightness decreased with decreasing illuminance level for all test chips except bluish color chips, for which lightness did not decrease much in general and even increased in some cases as predicted by the Purkinje shift. The experimental results obtained in the present study provide critical features that should be considered in predicting the appearance of color at low light levels.
Journal Article
Design of Gene Expression Microarray Experiments
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Gene Expression Microarray Technology
Preprocessing of Microarray Fluorescence Intensities
Introduction to Gene Expression Microarray Experimental Design
Two‐Treatment Experiments Using Two‐Color Microarrays
Two‐Color Microarray Experiments Involving More Than Two Treatments
Multifactor Two‐Color Microarray Experiments
Phase 2 Designs for Complex Phase 1 Designs
References
Book Chapter