Explore the vast range of titles available.

Background Although there are limited studies, recent data are lacking to accurately determine the magnitude of color blindness in Ethiopia and there is no evidence of such a study in Gish Abay town district. The purpose of thie study was to assess the prevalence of color blindness among school children in Gish Abaya town district, Ethiopia. Methods The study used a community-based analytical cross-sectional study design with multistage cluster random sampling technique from September to October 2016. Three primary schools were selected randomly in the district of Gish Abay town district. Ishihara color plates (24 –edition) was used for color vision test and Snellen’ tumbling ‘E’ chart was used for visual acuity test. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 statistical software and binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with color blindness. Results Among a total of 854 subjects, 850 participants with age range of 8–18 years were screened for color vision test giving a response rate of 99.53%. Among the participants, 452 (53.2%) were males and 398 (46.8%) were females. There were 36 (4.24%) cases of impaired color vision. Among these, 27 (3.18%) were males and 9 (1.06%) were females. Out of 36 cases of color blindness, 15 (1.77%) were deutan, 7 (0.82%) were protan and 14(1.65%) were unclassified (both deutan and protan forms). The variables; sex adjusted odds ratio (AOR [95% Confidence Interval] =3.19 [1.45; 6.98], p -value = 0.004); and visual impairment (AOR [95% CI] =4.15 [1.77; 9.75], p -value = 0.001) were significantly associated with color impairment. Conclusion The prevalence of childhood color blindness in Gish Abay town district was relatively similar with other studies in Ethiopia. Sex and visual impairment are factors found to be related with the children’s color blindness. Periodical eye examination at the time of school admission is recommended to adjust the children’s occupation early in life.

AimsTo examine the association between colour vision deficiency (CVD) and other ophthalmic disorders including amblyopia, strabismus and ametropia in a large population study.MethodsThe retrospective, cross-sectional study included 916 388 Israeli army male recruits who had their premilitary medical assessment at the age of 16–18 years from 2000 to 2020, analysing the prevalence of ophthalmic disorders including amblyopia, strabismus and ametropia in army recruits with CVD compared with all other recruits with normal colour vision. Demographic and socioeconomic data were also collected.ResultsThe prevalence of amblyopia (1.28% vs 0.71%, p<0.001), strabismus (1.09% vs 0.83%, p<0.001) and ametropia (moderate—less than 6.00 diopters, 35.05% vs 30.50%, p<0.001 and high—higher than 6.00 diopters, 3.18% vs 2.30%, p<0.001) were all higher among 28 001 (3.06%) army recruits with CVD compared with all other individuals with normal colour vision. CVD was more common in individuals with a higher socioeconomic status (high 3.15% vs low 2.93%, p<0.001) and varied according to recruits’ origin. It was most frequent in individuals whose mother was born in the former Soviet Union (4.98%) compared with other European countries (3.89%), North America (3.28%), Asia (2.78%) and Ethiopia (1.63%).ConclusionCVD is associated with an increased frequency of amblyopia, strabismus and ametropia, which can all impart vision difficulties besides colour vision impairment alone.

Color vision deficiency (CVD) cause is the difficulty distinguishing colors, which can present vocational and avocational challenges. There is a lack of data on its overall prevalence of CVD. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to determine the prevalence of CVD in Africa. The protocol was registered with the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (protocol registration number: CRD42024510403). A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted via PubMed/MEDLINE/EMBASE, Google, and Google Scholar from February 2024 to May 28, 2024. The Johanna Bridges Institute quality appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of eligible articles. The pooled prevalence of CVD among Africans was estimated using a random effect model and expressed as prevalence and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using Der Simonian-Laird weight. The I2 statistic test was used to measure heterogeneity, and subgroup analysis was performed based on country, source of population, and gender. A total of 502 initial studies were identified, and sixteen cross-sectional studies were included. The overall pooled prevalence of CVD in Africa was 2.71% (95% CI: 2.28,3.14, I2 = 72.6%, P<0.001). The prevalence among African males and females was 2.13% and 0.34%, respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was recorded in Ethiopia at 3.63% and the prevalence among primary and secondary school students was 2.96%. A funnel plot showed that all of the studies were symmetric, and the Egger test showed no publication bias. The pooled prevalence of color vision deficiency in Africa was found to be 2.71%. The highest prevalence was reported in studies conducted among school-age children in Ethiopia. Establishing effective screening programs and raising public awareness are recommended as future steps.

Purpose: To highlight the plight of individuals with congenital color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: This is a retrospective study in which 191 electronic medical records of individuals with the diagnosis of inherited CVD, who visited the eye institute, between January 2010 and January 2021 were included. The inclusion criteria included diagnosis based on the failure in pseudoisochromatic plates (Ishihara / Hardy, Rand and Rittler (HRR) and age range between 18 and 35 years. The patient's medical history, age, gender, type of defect, and preference for colored contact lenses was noted. Medical records were excluded if the participant had any other ocular pathology apart from congenital CVD. Results: At least 30% (57/191) of the individuals explicitly requested for color vision examination for a job-related purpose. Amongst them, the most common jobs aspired were army (~25%; [14/57]) followed by police (21%; [12/57]). There was only 2.6% (5/191) of individuals in which the type of CVD (protan/deutan) was classified. Only 5.2% of them (10/191) sought an X-Chrome contact lens trial. Conclusion: This study reported the occupational setbacks experienced by individuals with CVD. This study highlights the need to identify CVD at a younger age, thereby avoiding occupational-related setbacks later in life.

PurposeTo assess the associations between the prevalence of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) and genetics and environment, represented by place of origin (ethnic background) and place of birth, respectively.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of the computerized database of the northern recruitment center of Israel of 53,895 consecutive male Jewish conscripts 16–19 years old, who completed the medical profiling process between 1988 and 2011. CVD was diagnosed using the 24-pseudo-isochromatic plate Ishihara test. Associations of CVD prevalence with sociodemographic variables, anthropometric indices, refractive errors, and mainly place of origin and place of birth were tested by both univariate analysis and multivariate regression models.ResultsElevated BMI (obesity) and blood pressure (hypertension), as well as myopia, were all positively associated with congenital CVD. The composition of the study population provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and environment. The prevalence of CVD significantly differs among subpopulations of different ethnic background as well as among those who were born in different geographical locations. Additionally, differences in the prevalence of CVD (1.2–1.6%) were observed among conscripts from the same origin, who were born in Israel, compared to those who were born elsewhere. Both place of origin (p < 0.01) and place of birth (p < 0.05) were associated with the prevalence of CVD in a multivariable regression model.ConclusionThis study affirms previously established associations of CVD with certain variables and reveals a possible novel association of CVD with environmental factors.

Background/ObjectivesDoctors and medical students with colour vision deficiency (CVD) are less capable and less confident at identifying colour in a wide range of clinical scenarios, some of which could be potentially life-threatening. There have been numerous calls for screening and counselling over the last 25 years.Subjects/MethodsSurveys were sent to all 33 UK medical schools and 154 acute trusts, to ascertain what screening and support exists for doctors with CVD. The response rate was 95%.Results1.4% of acute trusts and 16.7% of medical schools screen for CVD. 3.4% of trusts and 10.0% of medical schools had CVD-specific advice which they give to medical professionals. Guidance and advice given varied widely between different schools and trusts.DiscussionsDespite research showing a clear problem and lack of support for doctors with CVD, there has been a failure to respond by the medical profession. Screening, national guidance, counselling, and further research is needed to provide full support for practitioners with CVD and ensure patient safety.

Color vision deficiency is a common X-linked genetic disorder affecting the day-to-day lives of individuals, in which school-aged children’s academic performance can be negatively affected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and genotypic frequency of congenital color vision defects (CVD), among primary schoolchildren in Adama, Ethiopia. A school-based cross-sectional study design was used. Students were purposively selected based on their ethnicity but were randomly selected from their sections, resulting in a final sample size estimated at 846 schoolchildren who had received informed consent from their families. Data was gathered using the Ishihara color vision test, 38-plate edition. The result of the study revealed that the total prevalence of CVD was much higher (5.6%) among the male children than that of the females, which was only about 1.79%. The prevalence rates of CVD among the targeted ethnic groups were found to be the highest among Amhara (7.45%) > Oromo (5.00%) > Gurage (2.13%) children, respectively, in descending order. 62.76% of the study subjects were homozygous dominant ( AA ), followed by those with a heterozygous genotype ( Aa ) (32.51%), and the remaining 4.73% had recessive ( aa ) genes.

Purpose: To investigate the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of color vision deficit (CVD) patients in India and how color vision deficiency affects them psychologically, economically, and in productivity related to their work and occupation. Methods: A descriptive and case-control study design using a questionnaire was conducted on N = 120 participants, of whom 60 were patients of CVD (52 male and eight female) who visited two eye facilities in Hyderabad between 2020 and 2021 and 60 were age-matched normal color vision participants who served as controls. We validated English-Telugu adapted version of CVD-QoL, developed by Barry et al. in 2017 (CB-QoL). The CVD-QoL consists of 27 Likert-scale items with factors (lifestyle, emotions, and work). Color vision was assessed using the Ishihara and Cambridge Mollen color vision tests. A six-point Likert scale was used, with lower scores indicating poor QoL (from 1 = severe issue to 6 = no problem). Results: The CVD-QoL questionnaire's reliability and internal consistency were measured, including Cronbach's a (a =0.70-0.90). There was no significance between the group in age (t = −1.2, P = 0.67) whereas the Ishihara colour vision test, scores showed a significant difference (t = 4.50, P < 0.001). The QoL scores showed a significant difference towards lifestyle, emotions and work (P = 0.001). The CVD group had a poorer QoL score than the normal color vision group odds ratio [OR] =0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI], (P = 0.002, CI = 0.14-0.65, Z = 3.0) . In this analysis, a low CI indicated that the OR was more precise. Conclusion: Color vision deficiency affects Indians' QoL, according to this study. The mean scores of lifestyle, emotions, and work were lower than the UK sample.Since CVD is underreported and possibly affects developing countries more, advocacy for a new health care plan on CVD is essential. Increasing public understanding and awareness could also help diagnosing the CVD population.

Purpose: To estimate prevalence of common ocular morbidities including color blindness among school-attending children of an urban foothill town of Uttarakhand State in Northern India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-going children of age group 6-16 years of standard I-XII. Schools were selected using population proportionate to the size sampling technique. Detailed ocular examination including color vision and unaided or aided visual acuity for various ocular morbidities was done. Data was entered into MS excel with statistical analysis using SPSS version 23 with significant P value <0.05. Results: In total, 13,492 students (mean age 10.9 ± 2.7 years) with almost equal male to female ratio were screened. Overall prevalence of ocular morbidity was 23.2%, with refractive error (18.5%) on top, followed by color blindness (2.2%). The later was observed more among males (3.0%) as compared to females (1.4%) with significantly higher odds, OR = 2.3 (1.7-2.9) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Refractive error has been the most common ocular morbidity, followed by color blindness. Earliest detection can prevent permanent disability and disappointment among youngsters when rejected from entering certain professions due to color vision defect.

PurposeAs proven in studies dating back to the eighteenth century, color vision changes may occur early in the course of glaucoma. Our aim was to reevaluate the incidence of acquired color vision deficiency in glaucoma patients of the University hospital Zürich by using the Panel D-15 test.MethodsInclusion criteria of the study involved a diagnosis of glaucoma, age equal or greater than 18 years with no upper limit and a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) smaller than ≤ 0.7 logMAR. All volunteers were tested twice monocularly for color vision with (1) the Ishihara color plate test and (2) the Farnsworth and Lanthony Panel D-15 test by one examiner (L.B.). Using the Moment of Inertia Method of Vingrys and King-Smith (Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29(1):50–63, 1988), we measured the color defect type (blue-yellow, red-green or non-selective).ResultsOne hundred and fifty-one eyes of 87 glaucoma patients were included in this study. Nine eyes showed a deficient result in the Ishihara test, which proves a congenital red-green weakness. Fifty-one (33.8%) eyes showed color vision anomalies in the desaturated test and 24 (15.9%) eyes in the saturated Panel D-15 test. A total of 25.2% and 8.6% of eyes in the desaturated and saturated test were diffuse dyschromatopsia, respectively. The second most prevalent deficiencies were blue-yellow defects with 4.0% and 4.6% of saturated and desaturated results. Just the covariate visual acuity had a significant influence on the Panel D-15 result, whereas other variables like age, sex or intraocular pressure did not show any impact.ConclusionThis study ascertains that the long-known theory of color vision defects in patients with glaucoma is also relevant in our sample of 151 eyes, providing continuity to claims firstly reported many years ago. Despite our results highlighting more diffuse dyschromatopsia than other similar experiments, we have also proven that the tritanomalous defects occur more frequently than other color defects.