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Students have benefited greatly from immersive learning environments that use augmented reality. Some visual features of instructional material, such as color coding, have shown potential in improving learning performance. However, the effect in Immersive Learning Environments is still unknown in detail. The objective of this research is to know how the use of color-coded material affects the performance and mental effort of participants in Immersive Learning Environments in augmented reality. Therefore, an experimental study was executed with 29 students, in a study case for learning anatomy related to an exploratory knee arthroscopy surgical procedure, using an Immersive Learning Environment in augmented reality. The results suggested no differences in the participants’ performance in terms of time and percentage of correct answers. Participants who used non-coded material, on the other hand, suggested a high level of mental effort. These results provide valuable information for the design of Immersive Learning Environments, with the purpose of creating environments under conditions that foster learning.

Enhanced Vision System (EVS) offers a display advantage that conventional devices lack, enabling interface information to be overlaid on real-world imagery. However, information overload, especially in complex environments, can reduce the recognizability of important information and impair decision-making. This study investigates a dual color-coding strategy to optimize the recognizability of Primary Information (PI) and Secondary Information (SI) in Head-Up Display–Enhanced Vision System (HUD-EVS) against complex backgrounds. The results show that adjusting the hue, saturation, and lightness of SI affects the recognizability of both PI and SI. Specifically, certain saturation (20% or 80%) and lightness (60%) combinations should be avoided to ensure PI prominence and maintain sufficient recognizability for SI. These findings provide insights for designing color-coding strategies for EVS, enhancing the recognizability of information on mobile devices.

Supplemental light is widely applied in greenhouses to promote the production and flavor of strawberries in global markets. The present selections of colored lights are, however, quite empirical or qualitative, from the perspective of photometry or colorimetry, which lacks precision. The accurate control of chromatic parameters of supplemental light and their chromatic influences on fruit quality have been under-studied. In this study, color parameters including ten groups of correlated color temperatures (CCTs-2250 K, 2400 K, 2600 K, 2800 K, 3000 K, 3500 K, 4000 K, 4500 K, 5000 K, and 6000 K) and two groups of illuminances (600 lx and 1000 lx) of supplemental lights were precisely controlled using a digital color-coding method applied to LED supplemental lights, and the strawberry was irradiated with the LED supplemental light from December 2021 to March 2022 in facilities cultivation (greenhouse). Moreover, the irradiation time was 6 h per day (4:00 a.m.–7:00 a.m., 5:00 p.m.–8:00 p.m.). We systematically investigated the chromatic effects of supplemental light on five parameters of strawberries: plant height, single weight, fruit hardness, soluble solids, and titratable acids. The results showed that the supplemental light generally lowered the single weight by 14% and fruit hardness by 6%, and increased plant height by 21%, the contents of soluble solids by 7.4%, and titratable acids by 27%. The chromatic dependences of the five parameters were different and might be strengthened, weakened, or shifted by light illuminance. Our results demonstrated the beneficial roles of supplemental light in accelerating maturation and enhancing the flavor of strawberries in greenhouse cultivation. These results provided valuable guidance for the effective cultivation of strawberries. Moreover, the controlling method for accurate colors was ready for the implementation of supplemental lights in other fruits or plants.

Purpose This study examined whether the quantitative color-coding analysis (QCA) of two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) can accurately measure the maximal density time (Tmax) on the time–density curves of a contrast agent in selected vessels and evaluated the severity of liver cirrhosis during transarterial chemoembolization. Methods 48 patients were divided into the Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B groups based on the severity of liver cirrhosis. The Tmax values of the contrast agent in the proximal superior mesenteric artery, right colic artery and extra-hepatic portal vein were calculated based on the superior mesenteric angiography results. Different grades of liver cirrhosis were evaluated by the clinical biochemistry values, liver-to-spleen ratio (LSR), and Tmax duration. Results The Child-Pugh B group had a longer T3max duration (13.37 ± 3.76 s) than the Child-Pugh A group (13.04 ± 4.71 s), but the difference was not statistically significant ( p  = 0.825). The T3max duration correlated negatively and significantly (both p  < 0.001) with the LSR in both groups (Child-Pugh A: ρ = − 0.867; Child-Pugh B: ρ = − 0.853). Conclusion The QCA technique of two-dimensional DSA allows for the accurate measurement of the Tmax, and the T3max duration can probably be used to evaluate the severity of liver cirrhosis. The T3max duration is negatively and significantly correlated with the LSR and is useful as an indicator to predict the severity of liver cirrhosis during the TACE procedure.

Police organizations play an extremely important role in the system of law enforcement for all countries. The chief responsibility of police is the control and prevention of criminal activities, which in turn can be used as one of the key indicators for adjudging police performance, apart from a variety of other parameters related to population, mobility and budget. Today, performance evaluation of Indian police and a detailed analysis of the state-wise police performance can be deemed as absolutely necessary, in light of the recent increase of reported crimes in various states of this densely populous nation. Thus, the objective of this paper is to rank and compare the police performance of the Indian states, and identify those states where immediate attention and major overhaul is required. A limited amount of research has been carried out in this area, mainly employing the data envelopment analysis approach. A definitive ranking of the police performance of the Indian states has never been derived using any of the multi-criteria decision making techniques, which represents a huge gap in research. The derived results, obtained via implementation of the preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluation—geometrical analysis for interactive aid tool, indicate that Kerala is the best performer amongst all the 28 alternative states, while Punjab ranks as the worst performing state. Finally, in order to determine the influence of individual criterion on the overall state rank and in order to obtain a visual representation of the rankings on a political map of India, a novel geographic information system method utilizing the hue–saturation–value color coding scheme is applied in this work.

The recent development of color coding in tactile pictograms helps people with visual impairments (PVI) appreciate the visual arts. The auditory sense, in conjunction with (or possibly as an alternative to) the tactile sense, would allow PVI to perceive colors in a way that would be difficult to achieve with just a tactile stimulus. Sound coding colors (SCCs) can replicate three characteristics of colors, i.e., hue, chroma, and value, by matching them with three characteristics of sound, i.e., timbre, intensity, and pitch. This paper examines relationships between sound (melody) and color mediated by tactile pattern color coding and provides sound coding for hue, chroma, and value to help PVI deepen their relationship with visual art. Our two proposed SCC sets use melody to improve upon most SCC sets currently in use by adding more colors (18 colors in 6 hues). User experience and identification tests were conducted with 12 visually impaired and 8 sighted adults, and the results suggest that the SCC sets were helpful for the participants.

In power fingerprint identification, feature information is insufficient when using a single feature to identify equipment, and small load data of specific customers, difficult to meet the refined equipment classification needs. A power fingerprint identification based on the improved voltage-current(V-I) trajectory with color encoding and transferred CBAM-ResNet34 is proposed. First, the current, instantaneous power, and trajectory momentum information are added to the original V-I trajectory image using color coding to obtain a color V-I trajectory image. Then, the ResNet34 model was pre-trained using the ImageNet dataset and a new fully-connected layer meeting the device classification goal was used to replace the fully-connected layer of ResNet34. The Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was added to each residual structure module of ResNet34. Finally, Class-Balanced (CB) loss is introduced to reweight the Softmax cross-entropy (SM-CE) loss function to solve the problem of data imbalance in V-I trajectory identification. All parameters are retrained to extract features from the color V-I trajectory images for device classification. The experimental results on the imbalanced PLAID dataset verify that the method in this paper has better classification capability in small sample imbalanced datasets. The experimental results show that the method effectively improves the identification accuracy by 4.4% and reduces the training time of the model by 14 minutes compared with the existing methods, which meets the accuracy requirements of fine-grained power fingerprint identification.

This work investigates the possibility of using a novel “minimal AR” authoring approach to optimize the visual assets used in augmented reality (AR) interfaces to convey work instructions in manufacturing. In the literature, there are no widely supported guidelines for the optimal choice of visual assets (e.g., CAD models, drawings, and videos). Therefore, to avoid the risk of having AR technical documentation based only on the author’s preference, our work proposes a novel authoring approach that enforces the minimal amount of information to accomplish a task. Minimal AR was tested through a simulated AR LEGO-based assembly task. The performance (completion time, mental workload, errors) of 40 users was evaluated with 4 combinations of visual assets in 4 tasks with an increasing amount of information needed. The main result is that visual assets with an excess of information do not significantly increase performance. Therefore, the location of a specified object should be “minimally” authored by an auxiliary model (e.g., a circle and an arrow). For identifying an object within a couple, color coding is preferred to using additional visual assets. If more than two objects must be identified, a drawing visual asset is also needed. Only when the orientation of a selected object must be conveyed, animated product models are required. These insights could be helpful for an optimal design of AR work instructions in a wide range of industrial fields.

This paper presents a methodology for the virtual reconstruction of an archaeological site through the application of contemporary digital technologies. The research focuses on the systematic identification, evaluation, and representation of authenticity in virtual archaeological reconstructions, aiming to produce models that are scientifically founded and visually informative, while minimizing speculative or purely aesthetic interventions. Authenticity is critically examined as a theoretical construct to establish the conceptual framework of the study, with particular emphasis on transparency and user-oriented interpretative clarity as key criteria for its preservation in digital environments. The main contribution of this research is a workflow for evidence-based virtual reconstructions derived from archaeological data, bibliographic sources and historical documentation, by means of a classification of reconstruction according to distinct levels of authenticity. These levels are explicitly communicated through a Virtual Reality (VR) application using a structured colour-coding system linked to the underlying evidential sources. The development pipeline of the VR application is described in detail, enabling immersive, interactive exploration of the reconstructed site while maintaining a clear correspondence between visual representation and source reliability. The resulting system is evaluated in terms of methodological reliability, interpretative transparency, and usability, and directions for future enhancements and refinements of the VR application are discussed.

Complex entangled states are the key resources for measurement-based quantum computations, which is realised by performing a sequence of measurements on initially entangled qubits. Executable quantum algorithms in the graph-state quantum computing model are determined by the entanglement structure and the connectivity of entangled qubits. By generalisation from graph-type entanglement in which only the nearest qubits interact to a new type of hypergraph entanglement in which any subset of qubits can be arbitrarily entangled via hyperedges, hypergraph states represent more general resource states that allow arbitrary quantum computation with Pauli universality. Here we report experimental preparation, certification and processing of complete categories of four-qubit hypergraph states under the principle of local unitary equivalence, on a fully reprogrammable silicon-photonic quantum chip. Genuine multipartite entanglement for hypergraph states is certificated by the characterisation of entanglement witness, and the observation of violations of Mermin inequalities without any closure of distance or detection loopholes. A basic measurement-based protocol and an efficient resource state verification by color-encoding stabilizers are implemented with local Pauli measurement to benchmark the building blocks for hypergraph-state quantum computation. Our work prototypes hypergraph entanglement as a general resource for quantum information processing. Usual multiqubit entangled states can be described using the graph formalism, where each edge connects only two qubits. Here, instead, the authors use a reprogrammable silicon photonics chip to showcase preparation, verification and processing of arbitrary four-qubit hypergraph states, where hyperedges describe entanglement within a subset of many qubits.