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ObjectiveAssess the relationship of time to first expression after very preterm birth and mothers’ own milk quantity.DesignA cohort study (nested within a randomised trial).SettingFour neonatal units in the UK.Patients132 mothers of single or twin infants born at 23+0 to 31+6 weeks postmenstrual age.ExposuresTime to the first attempt to express after birth.Primary outcomes24-hour mother’s own milk yield on days 4, 14 and 21 after birth.ResultsMedian time to first expression attempt was 6 hours. 51.7% expressed within 6 hours of birth (62/120) and 48.3% expressed more than 6 hours after birth (58/120). Expressing within 6 hours of birth was associated with higher milk yield on day 4 (88.3 g, 95% CI 7.1 to 169.4) and day 14 (155.7 g, 95% CI 12.2 to 299.3) but not on day 21 (73.6 g, 95% CI −91.4 to 238.7). There was an interaction between expressing frequency and time to first expression (p<0.005), with increased expressing frequency being associated with higher yield only in those who expressed within 6 hours. Expressing within 2 hours of birth was not associated with further milk yield increase.ConclusionsMothers who expressed within 6 hours of birth had higher milk yield, and a greater yield per expressing session, in the first 3 weeks after birth. This information will be highly motivating for families and the clinicians supporting them. There was no evidence of further benefit of extremely early expression (first 2 hours after birth).Trial registration numberISRCTN 16356650.

Purpose Bovine colostrum is available in health food shops and as a sports food supplement and is rich in antibodies and growth factors including IGF-1. World Anti-Doping Agency advises athletes against taking colostrum for fear of causing increased plasma IGF-1. There are also concerns that colostrum may theoretically stimulate malignancy in organs which express IGF-1 receptors. We, therefore, determined changes in plasma IGF-1 levels in subjects taking colostrum or placebo for 1 day, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Methods Plasma IGF1 levels were determined in healthy males ( n  = 16) who ingested 40 g bovine colostrum or placebo along with undertaking moderate exercise for total period of 4.5 h. Two further studies followed changes in IGF1 using double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, randomized trials of colostrum or placebo ( N  = 10 per arm, 20 g/day for 4 weeks and N  = 25 colostrum, N  = 29 placebo arm 20 g/day for 12 weeks). Results Baseline IGF1 levels 130 ± 36 ng/ml. 4.5 h protocol showed no effect of colostrum on plasma IGF1 (ANOVA, treatment group: p  = 0.400, group × time: p  = 0.498, time p  = 0.602). Similarly, no effect of colostrum ingestion was seen following 4 week (ANOVA, group: p  = 0.584, group × time interaction: p  = 0.083, time p  = 0.243) or 12 week (ANOVA, group: p  = 0.400, group × time interaction: p  = 0.498, time p  = 0.602) protocol. Conclusions Ingestion of standard recommended doses of colostrum does not increase IGF-1 levels in healthy adults, providing additional support for the safety profile of colostrum ingestion.

Chromium (Cr) is a micromineral that is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, ammonia, and nucleic acids; thus, its supplementation can influence the nutritional status of ruminants, and consequently, colostrum profile, since this secretion depends on products secreted by the mammary gland and elements of the maternal bloodstream. The present study investigated the influence of supplementation with Cr bound to organic molecule on the nutritional, immune, and antioxidant quality of ewe colostrum. Thirty-two multiparous Santa Ines ewes (55.3 ± 8.00 kg body weight) were randomly assigned into four groups: T1 (0.0 mg of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation per ewe, n  = 8), T2 (0.15 mg of CrPic per ewe, n  = 9), T3 (0.30 mg of CrPic per ewe, n  = 7), and T4 (0.45 mg of CrPic per ewe, n  = 8). Supplementation was supplied during the breeding season, pregnancy, and lactation. Shortly after calving, the first milking colostrum was collected to determine its chemical composition, activity of lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, ceruloplasmin, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. The results show that lactoperoxidase activity decreased with CrPic supplementation ( P  < 0.01), revealing that this micromineral reduces an important component of defense mechanism in the body. Therefore, the results of this work show that supplementation with chromium picolinate influences colostrum quality.

Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is one of the immunomodulatory factors in breast milk (BM). Although it may be involved in the prevention of atopic symptoms and sensitization to both food and inhalant allergens, conflicting evidence exists concerning its protective effects. In this study, we investigated the relationship between sCD14 in colostrum and 1-month BM, and the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and sensitization to food and aeroallergens at 9 months of age in infants who were exclusively or almost exclusively breastfed up to 4 months of age. BM samples were collected from lactating mothers who participated in a 2 × 2 factorial, randomized, nontreatment controlled trial study set in Tokyo, which looked at the efficacy of emollients and synbiotics in preventing AD and food allergy in children during the first year of life. A total of 258 colostrum samples and 269 1-month BM samples were analyzed. We found that one-month BM sCD14 levels in the AD group were significantly lower than in the non-AD group. Levels of sCD14 in 1-month BM were not related to allergen sensitization in the overall analysis, but egg white sensitization correlated inversely with 1-month BM sCD14 in infants without AD. The results suggest that sCD14 in BM may be involved in atopic manifestations in early infancy.

The object of this study was to determine the effect of prepartum supplementation of vitamin E with or without injective vitamin E and selenium (Se) on productive and reproductive performances and immune function in dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided randomly into three groups at the end of gestation. Cows in each group received one of three treatments: (1) a single intramuscular (im) injection of vit. E + selenium 3 weeks prepartum; (2) daily supplementation of oral vit. E given from 3 weeks prepartum to parturition; (3) injective vit. E + Se with daily supplementation of oral vit. E. Blood samples were collected from cows at calving and from calves at 0 and 7 days of age. Concentration of IgG in serum of cows and calves as well as in colostrum was determined. No significant differences among treatments occurred in the concentrations of IgG, animal, and calf production and reproduction performance. Due to the lack of significant difference between injection and oral supplementation, it is recommended to replace the injection with oral supplementation.

Colostrum (COL) intake relates to growth trajectory of pigs, which may be driven by differences in nutrient level, bioactive factors, or both. This study’s objective was to determine the effect of feeding COL versus milk replacer (MR) at high and low doses [20% or 10% of birth body weight (BBW)] on 24 h weight gain, body temperature, circulating levels of glucose, protein, immunocrit, free amino acids, lipids and small metabolites. At birth, gilt piglets (n = 57) were assigned to: pooled COL fed at 20% (COL20) or 10% of BBW (COL10); MR fed at 20% (MR20) or 10% of BBW (MR10); stay on sow (SOS) to suckle COL; or immediately euthanized at birth (zero hour; ZH). COL20, COL10, MR20, and MR10 were bottle fed diets every 2 h for 24 h, then piglets were euthanized, and blood collected. Serum samples were analyzed for glucose and protein using a colorimetric assay, immunocrit using the immunocrit ratio, free amino acids using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and lipidome using multiple reaction monitoring profiling. Dose affected glucose ( P = 0.02), being greater in 20% treatments than 10%. Diet and dose impacted immunocrit ( P < 0.0001) and protein ( P = 0.04), being highest in COL20, intermediate in COL10, and lowest in MR treatments. Diet type impacted all free amino acids ( P < 0.05). Diet and dose impacted concentration of triacylglycerols ( P = 0.0003), cholesterol esters (diet P = 0.001; dose P = 0.05), and only diet impacted phospholipids ( P = 0.04). Diet impacted individual triacylglycerol profile, with fatty acids longer and more unsaturated in COL than MR. Piglets on SOS, COL20, MR20 gained weight and maintained rectal temperature, whereas COL10 and MR10 lost weight and had lower temperatures ( P < 0.05). These data and previous studies indicate colostral proteins remain intact post-absorption preventing use for energy. Due to relatively high lactose in MR and circulating metabolite profiles, we postulated piglets fed MR prioritized glycolysis to support growth, whereas COL-fed depended on fatty acid oxidation. Further studies are warranted to understand how absorptive and post-absorptive metabolism respond to diet type and dose and contribute to circulating profiles of nutrients and metabolites.

Colostrum, the initial milk produced by mammals after giving birth, has evolved to serve as a primary rich source of essential nutrients for newborns. However, there are considerable changes in nutrient composition from colostrum to mature milk. Colostrum and transition milk have specific fat-soluble vitamin levels, fat level, and fatty acid (FA) composition compared to mature milk, and this unique fatty acid composition of colostrum may reflect the physiological needs of newborn calves. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the FA profile and levels of vitamins A and E from colostrum to mature milk. Colostrum or milk samples from the 1 st (colostrum), 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , and 13 th (as a sample of mature milk) milking were collected from 10 multiparous Danish Holstein cows. The level of vitamin A was significantly affected by milking time ( p  < 0.001), with the highest level in the colostrum (2.3) and the lowest in mature milk (0.5 µg/g). Vitamin E level was significantly affected by milking time ( p  < 0.001), with the highest level in the colostrum (14.8) and the lowest in mature milk (1.8 µg/g). The proportion of C16:0 FA decreased from colostrum to mature milk while the proportion of C18:0 FA increased from the colostrum to mature milk. The proportion of n-6 FA (C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, and C22:5n-6) decreased from colostrum to mature milk ( p  < 0.001 for all FA). However, the proportion of C18:3n-3 FA increased from colostrum (3.0) to mature milk (5.9 g/kg of FA; p  < 0.001), while proportions of C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 FA decreased from colostrum to mature milk ( p  < 0.001 for all FA). The proportion of trans 18:1n-10 ( p  = 0.005) and trans 18:1n-11 ( p  < 0.001) was affected by milking time and increased from colostrum to mature milk. In conclusion, there is a considerable higher vitamin A and E levels in colostrum compared to mature milk, and vitamin A and E levels were reduced from colostrum to mature milk. Additionally, there were significant changes in the FA profile from colostrum to mature milk, with an increase in C18:3n-3 FA and a decrease in C18:2n-6 FA.

Buffalo milk is renowned for its nutritional and functional properties. Milk somatic cells protect the mammary gland, contribute to the functionality of the udder, and also aid in the health and development of newborn calves, particularly during the critical early lactation period. However, proteomic changes in buffalo milk somatic cells during the transition from colostrum to mature milk remain poorly understood. This study was formulated to characterize the proteomic dynamics of buffalo milk somatic cells using Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) during colostrum-to-mature milk transition and to reveal shifts in metabolic and immune functions. A total of 4,429 high-confidence proteins were identified in the colostrum and milk of buffaloes. Up-regulated proteins [P adj <0.05, log 2 (Fold change, FC) ≥ 1.5] across different days of sampling were involved in metabolism of sugars, lipids, and amino acids, pentose-phosphate pathway, insulin-signaling, biosynthesis of amino acids and cofactors, and ubiquitin-proteasome system. Down-regulated proteins [P adj <0.05, log 2 (FC) ≤ 0.5] were associated with lipid transport, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, mineral balance, complement-coagulation system, antigen processing and presentation, and mRNA processing. A notable shift in hub proteins was detected, and selected ones were validated by real-time qPCR. These findings highlight significant changes in the proteome profile, biological functions, and specific pathways in milk somatic cells during early lactation in buffaloes. In conclusion, milk somatic cells contribute not only to mammary immunity but also to the nutritional support of the growing calf.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote adequate intestinal microbiota development and favor the immune system's maturation and cognitive development. In addition to non-modifiable factors, HMOs composition can be influenced by other factors like body mass index and eating habits, but the reports are discrepant. The aim of this work was to describe the correlation between maternal factors and HMOs concentration in colostrum in 70 women from northeastern Mexico categorized into women with normal weight and women with overweight or obesity. The absolute concentration of six HMOs were significantly lower in women with overweight or obesity compared to women with normal weight (LNFPI p = 0.0021, 2’-FL p = 0.0304, LNT p = 0.0492, LNnT p = 0.00026, 3’-SL p = 0.0476, 6’-SL p = 0.00041). Another main finding was that the frequency of consumption of food groups such as vegetables, fruits and meats was positively correlated to specific HMOs (Poblano chili and 2’-FL; r s  = 0.702, p = 0.0012; Orange or tangerine and 3-FL; r s  = 0.428, p = 0.0022; Chicken and 2'-FL; r s  = 0.615, p = 0.0039). This study contributes to the elucidation of how maternal factors influence the composition of HMOs and opens possibilities for future research aimed at mitigating overweight or obesity, consequently improving the quality of human milk.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membranous vesicles considered as significant players in cell-to-cell communication. Milk provides adequate nutrition, transfers immunity, and promotes neonatal development, and milk EV are suggested to play a crucial role in these processes. Milk samples were obtained on days 0, 7, and 14 after parturition from sows receiving either a standard diet (ω-6:ω-3 = 13:1) or a test diet enriched in ω-3 (ω-6:ω-3 = 4:1). EV were isolated using ultracentrifugation coupled with size exclusion chromatography, and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and assessment of EV markers via Western blotting. The lipidome was determined following a liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach. Here, we show that different stages of lactation (colostrum vs mature milk) have a distinct extracellular vesicle lipidomic profile. The distinct lipid content can be further explored to understand and regulate milk EV functionalities and primordial for enabling their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.