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This paper reports the feasibility of cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) therapy for birds with open wounds. Four domestic pigeons ( ) with open wounds of varying severity were treated with CAMP as an adjunct to conventional therapy. Wound healing was assessed using a modified scoring system during each treatment session, and the extent of healing was calculated as a percentage. The results revealed variability in wound improvement across cases, influenced by the initial severity of the wounds. In some cases, the outcomes were limited due to underlying conditions that overrode the recovery process, suggesting that the extent of healing may depend more on the initial wound condition than the treatment itself. Nevertheless, other cases showed positive results in healing and recovery under CAMP therapy, highlighting its potential benefits. No adverse reactions or complications were encountered, supporting its safety for avian wound management. These findings suggest that although CAMP can potentially promote wound healing, further studies will be needed to establish standardised treatment protocols.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of parasites of domestic pigeons ( ) and the histopathological changes associated with helminth parasites in their intestines. A total of 71 pigeons, 50 (30 males, 20 females) were examined for ectoparasites and 21(15 males, 7 females) for the presence of endoparasites (P-value 0.189). Thirty-six out of 50 pigeons (72 %) were infected with two species of ectoparasites (lice); was found in 30 pigeons out of 36 (83.33 %), while was found in 6 pigeons (P-value < 0.001). Fifteen out of 21 (71.4 %) pigeons were infected with endoparasites, out of which 12 (80 %) had one or more species of the total 6 species of cestodes, including (57.1 %), (57.1 %), (23.8 %), (9.52 %), (9.52 %) and (14.28 %). Three male pigeons (14.28 %) were found to be infected with only 1 species of nematode . All 12 pigeons (9 males, 3 females) were infected with R. tetragona and R. micracantha (57.1 %); additionally, all 12 showed triple parasitic infestation, having one other species of cestode in addition to these. Only 3 pigeons were found infected with the nematode . The prevalence of spp. was higher than that of other species. Males were found to be more infected than females (P-value 0.502). Histopathological fi ndings revealed destruction and shrinkage in the duodenum, necrosis and shrinkage of serosa and submucosa, villous atrophy and migratory tunnels formation, atrophic hyperplasia in the ileum, aggregate of infl ammatory lymphocytes at the lamina propria, infl ammation of villi in the rectum, cell death, infi ltration of lymphocytes, infl ammation and histological hyperplasia in the intestines. It was concluded that pigeons of the present locality were found infected with lice, cestode and nematode parasites that present a serious threat and might be injurious not only to pigeons but also to environmental contamination for humans and other animals. Further research is needed to identify the association and biological factors that affect humans.

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of two forms of D-limonene (DL) against Columbicola columbae (pigeon feather lice); pure and a nanoemulsion formulation (DLN). The cell cytotoxicity of the prepared forms of DL/DLN was investigated using skin cell lines. In vitro and ex vivo bioassays were applied on lice. The ex vivo bioassay was done on cut feathers containing lice eggs. The in vivo experiment was conducted on pigeons naturally infested by lice. The infested pigeons were treated with DL, DLN, or deltamethrin (D) as a positive control. Both forms of D-limonene were found to be safe when applied to the normal human skin fibroblast cell line, but DLN was toxic to skin cell carcinoma. The in vitro and ex vivo results of both DL and DLN forms were similar. All eggs treated with DL, DLN, and D failed to hatch (100%). The in vivo results showed complete elimination of lice 24 h post-treatment (PT), and biochemical analysis showed that the treated birds retained normal kidney and liver functions. Treated groups also showed improved productivity in the 4 months PT. In conclusion, DL and DLN are safe and effective in controlling feather lice infestation in pigeons and successful treatment encourages bird productivity. Graphical Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the pathological intestinal lesions in Domestic pigeons Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789, which were naturally infected by a number of cestode parasites Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858). The data was collected from four localities Kandhkot, Kashmore, Ghouspur and Buxapur of Kashmore, Sindh, Pakistan during August 2023 to May 2025. Total of 45 specimens were recovered. The prevalence was recorded 66 %. The parasite belongs to (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda: Cyclophyllidae) family Davaineidae. The species was highly pathogenic and were found in different regions of intestines of the hosts. Histopathological slides of intestinal lesions were prepared and observed of total 12 Domestic pigeons. Major histopathological findings included inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis, mineralization, pigment deposition, and parasitic infection distortions and dilation of intestinal glands, destruction of the superficial intestinal lining, infiltration of inflammatory cells, macrophages, mononuclear cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils in the lamina propria, destruction and disorganization of muscular layer, destruction of the crypt cells, villus atrophy, damage in the duodenal region with an increase in cellular reproduction of crypt and Brunners glands. There was severe congestion in the blood vessels. In the intestine of infected Domestic pigeons the villi, muscularis mucosa, and intestinal glands show necrosis accompanied by mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in the necrotized areas. The cestode parasites Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858) with their histopathological changes were reported for the first time from the study area Kashmore, Sindh, Pakistan. The purpose of this study to not only investigate the histopathological changes of the intestine but also providing the historical data for diagnosis of various types of diseases in Domestic pigeons.

The purpose of the study was to examine and identify the pathological intestinal injuries and lesions in Domestic pigeons Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789, which were naturally infected by a number of nematode parasites Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790). The data sample was collected from four different localities Kandhkot, Ghouspur, Kashmore, and Buxapur of Kashmore, Sindh, Pakistan during August 2023 to May 2025. A total of 08 specimens were recovered. The prevalence was recorded 75%. The parasite belongs to (Nemathelminthes: Nematoda: Ascaridida) family Ascaridiidae. The species was highly pathogenic and were found in different regions of intestines of the hosts. Histopathological slides of intestine were prepared and observed of total 12 Domestic pigeons. Major histopathological findings included necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, distortions and dilation of intestinal glands, destruction of the crypt cells, mineralization, pigment deposition, destruction of the superficial intestinal lining, infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, mononuclear cells, and eosinophils, destruction and disorganization of muscular layer, atrophy of villi, increase cellular replica of Brunner's and crypt glands and their secretions stopped, the blood vessels were damaged. Occurrence of necrosis in the infected parts of intestine of infected Domestic pigeons like mucosa, villi and intestinal glands and show polymorpho nuclear and mononuclear cells in necrotized zone. The research aim was to identify a greater number of the intestinal species of parasites in hosts with the comparison of their pathology for poultry breeders for maintaining the economy. Nematode parasites Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790) with their histopathological changes were identified and investigated first time from study area Kashmore, Sindh, Pakistan. The kind of study also help in diagnosing the other various types of diaereses in Domestic pigeons.

Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) is predominantly isolated from pigeons or doves and forms a separate group of viral strains within Avian Orthoavulavirus-1, the causative agent of Newcastle disease in poultry. Since the introduction of PPMV-1 into Europe in 1981, these strains have rapidly spread all over Europe, and are nowadays considered to be enzootic in feral and hobby pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Infections with PPMV-1 can range from asymptomatic to fatal. To assess whether PPMV-1 continuously circulates in healthy feral pigeons, 396 tissue samples of pigeons from the city of Zurich were tested by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR over the period of one year. PPMV-1-RNA was detected in 41 feral pigeons (10.35%), determined as the dominant European genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2. In 38 of the 41 pigeons where organ samples tested positive, PPMV-1-RNA was also detected in either choana or cloaca swabs. There were no significant differences in positivity rates between seasons, age, and sex. The current study shows that feral pigeons without clinical signs of disease can harbour and most likely excrete PPMV-1. Spill-over into free-range holdings of chickens are therefore possible, as observed in a recent outbreak of Newcastle disease in laying hens due to PPMV-1 genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2. in the canton of Zurich in January 2022.

Homing pigeons ( Columba livia domestica ) were used to test whether clinical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging disrupts orientation of animals that sense the earth’s magnetic field. Thirty young pigeons were randomly separated into three groups (n = 10/group). Two groups were anaesthetized and exposed to either a constant (no sequence) or a varying (gradient echo and echo planar sequences) magnetic field within a 3 Tesla MR unit for 15 minutes. The control group was not exposed to the MR field but shared all other aspects of the procedure. One day later, animals were released from a site they had never visited, 15 km from the home loft. Three weeks after the procedure, animals were released from a different unfamiliar site 30 km from the loft. Measured variables included the time to disappear from sight (seconds), vanishing bearing (angle), and the time interval from release to entering the home loft (hours). On first release, the group exposed to varying field gradients during image acquisition using 2 different standard sequences showed more variability in the vanishing bearing compared to the other groups (p = 0.0003 compared to control group), suggesting interference with orientation. Other measures did not show significant differences between groups. On second release, there were no significant differences between groups. Our results on homing pigeons show that regular clinical MR imaging exposure may temporarily affect the orientation of species that have magnetoreception capabilities. If exposure to MR imaging disrupted processes that are not specific to magnetoreception, then it may affect other species and other capabilities as well.

species are the most common nematodes infecting pigeons. The current study investigated specific identity of nematode parasites collected from domestic pigeons ( ) in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Out of 354 pigeons, 13.3 % were infected with nematode parasites. The morphological structure and genetic relationship of nematode worms were studied using conventional methods (Light and scanning electron microscopes) coupled with the newly introduced molecular method. Microscopical and ultrastructure observations showed that the present nematode worms belong to the genus and have all the characteristic features of . Moreover, Random Amplifier morphometric (RAPD) PCR analysis revealed that the present had a close identity of up to 98.3 % to JX624729 for Cox-1 gene regions, and up to 98.3 % to LC057210, and EF180058 for ITS1-5.8s- ITS2 rDNA gene regions. Phylogenetic analysis supported the placement of this species within Ascaridiidae family with close relationships to other nematode species obtained from GenBank. Finally, our study recommends using molecular analysis in helminths identification as the main methodology for correct identification especially in closely related species.

The current study was conducted to survey the prevalence of pigeon candidiasis in diseased pigeons suspected to candidiasis by isolation, microscopic examination, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and to characterize Candida spp. phylogenetically. For this purpose, samples were obtained from 100 suspected pigeons from September 2018 to February 2019 in Ahvaz, Iran. Cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from each diseased pigeon with diarrhea resistant to the antibiotics, crop stasis, white diphtheritic membrane in the mouth, regurgitation, and vomiting. Sabouraud dextrose agar was used as a culture medium. Selected colonies were stained with lactophenol cotton blue stain. In the culture and direct microscopic observation, 19.00% of birds were suspected to candidiasis. Twenty-two isolates were identified. All 22 isolates were confirmed as Candida spp. By PCR method. The PCR test confirmed the presence of Candida spp. in 19.00% of pigeons. Based on the sequencing results of some PCR products, the isolates belonged to Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The results revealed a 99.78% accordance when compared with other sequences of C. albicans which were formerly deposited in GenBank® from Colombia, Indonesia, China, and Sudan. The results revealed a 99.54% accordance when compared with other sequences of C. glabrata which were formerly deposited in GenBank® from the Netherlands and Spain. The symptoms such as diarrhea resistant to antibiotics, crop stasis, white diphtheritic membrane in the mouth, regurgitation, and vomiting were the most prevalent clinical symptoms in positive pigeons.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of anticoagulant and no anticoagulant on routine biochemical analytes in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Blood samples were obtained from 8 clinically healthy pigeons. The sample obtained from each bird was divided into 4 blood collection tubes containing either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), lithium heparin, sodium citrate, or no anticoagulant. The concentrations of creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, total protein, albumin, and iron, and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were measured in blood from each of the blood collection tubes. The values of the measured parameters, with the exception of iron, were significantly lower in the citrated plasma samples compared with the serum samples, even after correcting for dilution. In the lithium heparin plasma samples, significant decreases in albumin, triglyceride, calcium, total cholesterol, and ALP, and a significant increase in iron, were observed compared with the values in the serum samples. The concentrations of total protein, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as the activities for AST and ALP, were significantly lower in the EDTA plasma samples compared with the serum samples. In conclusion, the anticoagulants had significant effects on most of the measured parameters compared with serum. The findings of the present study suggest that a lithium heparin sample is the most appropriate plasma sample for the measurement of blood biochemical parameters in the domestic pigeon.