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"Columns Rome."
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Trajan's hollow
This publication documents 'Trajan's Hollow', a transformative reproduction of Trajan's Column in Rome, to address issues of critical importance in contemporary architectural practice: a reconsideration of architectural poch (both programmatic and material), the use of scale shift as a tool for transforming shape and content, and the role of subversive reconstruction in an era of digital scanning and replication. The publication offers an alternative model for the close reading of historical artifacts through an analysis of Trajan's Column and its material progeny, including the casts and copies of the column produced over 2,000 years and contemporary reconstructions of the column executed by the author while in residence at the American Academy in Rome. Although this second-century monument located in the heart of Rome has been the object of hundreds of years of study, 'Trajan's Hollow' uncovers aspects of the column curiously omitted amidst all this attention, manifesting the lacunae in various paradigms of historical inquiry: this work rereads the column and its legacy through the simple act of prioritizing the embodied occupation of its interior over the analysis of its exterior narrative frieze.
Book
The Column of Marcus Aurelius
One of the most important monuments of Imperial Rome and at the same time one of the most poorly understood, the Column of Marcus Aurelius has long stood in the shadow of the Column of Trajan. InThe Column of Marcus Aurelius, Martin Beckmann makes a thorough study of the form, content, and meaning of this infrequently studied monument. Beckmann employs a new approach to the column, one that focuses on the process of its creation and construction, to uncover the cultural significance of the column to the Romans of the late second century A.D. Using clues from ancient sources and from the monument itself, this book traces the creative process step by step from the first decision to build the monument through the processes of planning and construction to the final carving of the column's relief decoration. The conclusions challenge many of the widely held assumptions about the value of the column's 700-foot-long frieze as a historical source. By reconstructing the creative process of the column's sculpture, Beckmann opens up numerous new paths of analysis not only to the Column of Marcus Aurelius but also to Roman imperial art and architecture in general.
eBook
Die Ausrüstung der römischen Armee auf der Siegessäule des Marcus Aurelius in Rom
The reliefs of the column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome are used extensively for the illustration of Roman soldiers. However, despite the fact that in the last decades a number of sites at the Danube Limes have been analyzed, where numerous militaria from the Markomannic Wars have emerged, there is no comparison between this work of official Roman art and the archaeological finds. This book aims to address this lacuna. Each piece of equipment of the Roman soldier is analyzed in its sculptural representation and compared with the existing finds as well as supplementary comparisons with secondary sources. The result is a broad picture of the Roman army under Marcus Aurelius and of Rome's depiction of their forces in state propaganda. In addition, the present work comprehensively separates the antique parts of the frieze from the additions made during the late Renaissance for the first time and thus provides a solid basis for future archaeological and art historical evaluations. / Die Reliefs der Marcussäule in Rom bilden seit Langem vielfach verwendete Vorlagen zur Illustration römischer Soldaten. Doch obwohl in den letzten Dekaden mehrere Fundplätze am Donaulimes aufgearbeitet wurden, an denen zahlreiche Militaria aus den Markomannenkriegen zutage gekommen sind, fehlt bislang ein Vergleich zwischen den Arbeiten der offiziellen römischen Staatskunst und den archäologischen Bodenfunden. Diesen Mangel soll nun das vorliegende Werk beheben. Jeder Ausrüstungsgegenstand des römischen Soldaten wird in seiner skulpturalen Darstellung analysiert und mit den vorliegenden Funden sowie ergänzenden Sekundärquellen verglichen. Es entsteht somit ein umfangreiches Bild der römischen Armee unter Marcus Aurelius und von Roms Umgang mit dem Militär in der staatlichen Propaganda. Außerdem separiert das vorliegende Werk erstmals umfassend die antiken Partien des Friesbandes von den Ergänzungen der Spätrenaissance und legt somit eine solide Basis für künftige archäologische und kunsthistorische Auswertungen.
eBook
Psychotropic substances in house dusts: a preliminary assessment
Psychotropic substances (PSs) are known to affect air and waters, while scarce attention has been paid to their occurrence in settled dusts although they can reach important concentrations there; moreover, no procedures have been developed for this specific purpose. In this study, a list of PSs (i.e., nicotine, cotinine, caffeine, cocaine, cannabinol, Δ
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-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, amphetamine, heroin, and methadone) were characterized in dusts from Rome and Fiumicino international airport, Italy, and from Ouargla city, Algeria. The analytical procedure, based on ultra-sonic bath extraction, silica column chromatography, and GC-MSD analysis, provided good recovery, uncertainty, sensitivity, and lack of interferences for all substances except amphetamine. In NIST SRM-2585 house dust, nicotine, cotinine, caffeine, cocaine, and cannabinol accounted for ~5.95, 0.87, 4.17, 7.0, and 2.2 μg/g, respectively; on the other hand, methadone, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and heroin (all <0.025 μg/g) were below the detection limit of the method. Two sites at the Fiumicino airport were affected by different loads of PSs (e.g., 0.76 and 2.80 ng/m
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of cocaine). In Ouargla, where dust was collected in a primary school and a dwelling, nicotine ranged from ~60 ± 50 to ~86 ± 89 ng/m
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, cocaine was absent, and cannabinoids (0.35 ± 0.43 ng/m
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as total) were found only in the home. In Rome, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, and cannabinol reached ca. 700, 1470, 0.82, and 2.4 ng/m
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, respectively, in a smokers’ home, but they were ca. 1300, 25,000, 670, and 1700 ng/m
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in a non-smoker home. In conclusion, all dusts revealed the presence of illicit PSs. Further studies are necessary to understand the links between the PS amounts in airborne particulates and in dusts, as well as the PS origin and fate in interiors.
Journal Article
FORM & FUNCTION
One of the most common expressions used by the Romans to describe the Column of Marcus Aurelius wascolumna cochlis: “snail column.” This appears not just in one obscure author, but in many sources over centuries. Its meaning was obviously clear to the Romans but is, at first glance at least, extremely obscure to us. What kind of a monument was the Column of Marcus Aurelius, exactly? None of the words the Romans used to describe it—including “snail column”—seem to reflect the overwhelming modern interest in the historical frieze that adorns its exterior. But these expressions hold our
Book Chapter
Columns in Clay
This article describes a clay project for students studying Greece and Rome. It provides a wonderful way to learn slab construction techniques by making small clay column capitols. With this lesson, students learn architectural vocabulary and history, understand the importance of classical architectural forms and their influence on today's architecture, use shading and line in drawing to create volume, interest and symmetry, and learn techniques of slab clay construction, including how to add decorative elements to clay surfaces.
Magazine Article
Une épure de chapiteau corinthien gigantesque gravée sur le parvis du mausolée d’Auguste
À Rome, sur un dallage devant le mausolée d’Auguste, on connaît un ensemble d’épures, pour certaines déjà attribuées par Lothar Haselberger à la construction du Panthéon, tandis que d’autres doivent concerner les projets d’autres édifices. Cet article s’intéresse à une épure de chapiteau corinthien gigantesque pour laquelle on n’avait pas encore trouvé de monument correspondant. Trois sont proposés, dans lesquels les dimensions des colonnes, de 60 pieds de haut, pourraient concorder avec le chapiteau : le temple de Vénus et de Rome, certes éloigné du Champ de Mars, le temple de Trajan et de Plotine à l’extrémité de la via Lata , la colonne d’Antonin le Pieux sur le Champ de Mars enfin. Le fait que trois monuments majeurs antonins possèdent des colonnes de dimensions très proches, sinon identiques amène à se demander si l’épure n’a pas pu servir de référence commune à des chantiers organisés de façon centralisée. In Rome, the pavement in front of the Mausoleum of Augustus bears a group of architectural blueprints, some of which Lothar Haselberger has attributed to the construction of the Pantheon, but others of which must be related to different building projects. This paper considers the blueprint of a gigantic Corinthian capital, which has not yet been found to correspond with any known monument. We suggest three monuments with 60-foot tall columns that may match the capital: the temple of Venus and Roma, which is rather far from the Campus Martius, the temple of Trajan and Plotina at the end of the Via Lata , and finally the column of Antoninus Pius on the Campus Martius. The fact that three major Antonine monuments have columns of very similar, if not identical, measurements raises the possibility that the blueprint served as a common reference for centrally organised construction yards.
Journal Article