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Atomistic Insights into the Influence of High Concentration Hsub.2Osub.2/Hsub.2O on Al Nanoparticles Combustion: ReaxFF Molecules Dynamics Simulation
The combination of Al nanoparticles (ANPs) as fuel and H[sub.2]O[sub.2] as oxidizer is a potential green space propellant. In this research, reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-MD) simulations were used to study the influence of water addition on the combustion of Al/H[sub.2]O[sub.2]. The MD results showed that as the percentage of H[sub.2]O increased from 0 to 30%, the number of Al-O bonds on the ANPs decreased, the number of Al-H bonds increased, and the adiabatic flame temperature of the system decreased from 4612 K to 4380 K. Since the Al-O bond is more stable, as the simulation proceeds, the number of Al-O bonds will be significantly higher than that of Al-H and Al-OH bonds, and the Al oxides (Al[O][sub.x]) will be transformed from low to high coordination. Subsequently, the combustion mechanism of the Al/H[sub.2]O[sub.2]/H[sub.2]O system was elaborated from an atomic perspective. Both H[sub.2]O[sub.2] and H[sub.2]O were adsorbed and chemically activated on the surface of ANPs, resulting in molecular decomposition into free radicals, which were then captured by ANPs. H[sub.2] molecules could be released from the ANPs, while O[sub.2] could not be released through this pathway. Finally, it was found that the coverage of the oxide layer reduced the rate of H[sub.2]O[sub.2] consumption and H[sub.2] production significantly, simultaneously preventing the deformation of the Al clusters’ morphology.
Journal Article
What makes fire burn?
Teaches readers about the process of creating fire and burning through the process of combustion.
Book
Towards sector-based attribution using intra-city variations in satellite-based emission ratios between CO.sub.2 and CO
Carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) are co-emitted by many combustion sources. Previous efforts have combined satellite-based observations of multiple tracers to calculate their emission ratio (ER) for inferring combustion efficiency at the regional to city scale. Very few studies have focused on combustion efficiency at the sub-city scale or related it to emission sectors using space-based observations. Several factors are important for interpreting and deriving spatially resolved ERs from asynchronous satellite measurements, including (1) variations in meteorological conditions given the mismatch in satellite overpass times, (2) differences in vertical sensitivity of the retrievals (i.e., averaging kernel profiles), (3) interferences from the biosphere and biomass burning, and (4) the mismatch in the daytime variations of CO and CO.sub.2 emissions. In this study, we extended an established emission estimate approach to arrive at spatially resolved ERs based on retrieved column-averaged CO.sub.2 (XCO.sub.2) from the Snapshot Area Mapping (SAM) mode of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) and column-averaged CO from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI).
Journal Article
Fundamentals of combustion engineering
An introductory text on fundamental aspects of combustion including thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer and chemical kinetics which are used to systematically derive the basic concepts of combustion. Apart from the fundamental aspects, many of the emerging topics in the field like microscale combustion, combustion dynamics, oxy-fuel combustion and combustion diagnostics are also covered in the book.
Book
Preparation of RDX/F2311/Fesub.2Osub.3/Al Composite Hollow Microspheres by Electrospray and Synergistic Energy Release during Combustion between Components
Nanothermites and high-energy explosives have significantly improved the performance of high-energy composites and have broad application prospects. Therefore, in this study, RDX/F2311/Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3]/Al composite hollow microspheres were successfully prepared utilizing the electrospray method using F2311 as a binder between components. The results show that the combustion time of the composite hollow microspheres is shortened from 2400 ms to 950 ms, the combustion process is more stable, and the energy release is more concentrated. The H50 of the composite hollow microspheres increased from 14.49 cm to 24.57 cm, the explosion percentage decreased from 84% to 72%, and the sensitivity of the composite samples decreased significantly. This is mainly the result of the combination of homogeneous composition and synergistic reactions. The combustion results show that F2311 as a binder affects the tightness of the contact between the components. By adjusting its content, the combustion time and the intensity of the combustion of the composite microspheres can be adjusted, which provides a feasible direction for its practical application.
Journal Article
Advances in combustion technology
\"This edited volume on combustion technology covers recent developments and provides a broad perspective of the key challenges in this emerging field. Divided into two sections, first one covers micro-combustion system, hydrogen combustor, combustion systems for gas turbine and IC engine, coal combustor for power plant and gasifier system. Second section focusses on combustion system pertaining to aerospace including supersonic combustor, rocket engine and gel propellant combustion. Issues related to energy producing devices in power generation, process industries and aerospace vehicles and efficient and eco-friendly combustion technologies are also explained. Features: Provides comprehensive coverage of recent advances in combustion technology. Explains definite concepts about the design and development in combustion systems. Captures developments relevant for aerospace area including gel propellant, aluminium based propellants, gasification, and gas turbine. Aims to introduce the combustion system in different industries. Expounds novel combustion systems with reference to pertinent renewable technologies This book aims at Researchers and Graduate students in Chemical, Mechanical and Aerospace engineering, and Energy and environmental engineering, thermal engineering. This book also aims at Practicing engineers and decision makers in industry and research labs, Petroleum Utilization\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Char-CO.sub.2 reaction behaviour and interactions of coal gangue/weathered coal and coal gangue/pine sawdust blends
The char-CO.sub.2 reaction behaviour is important for oxy-fuel combustion of coal gangue and weathered coal or biomass. The thermal conversion characteristics of coal gangue, weathered coal, pine sawdust and their blends in CO.sub.2/N.sub.2 atmosphere were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, focusing on the reaction behaviour of char and CO.sub.2. The results showed that the thermal conversion of coal gangue, weathered coal and pine sawdust all had two main stages, but pine sawdust had shorter time of thermal conversion. Mass loss of coal gangue/pine sawdust blends included two obvious stages with four overlapped peaks, which was different from coal gangue/weathered coal mixtures with two separated peaks. The addition of weathered coal or pine sawdust could improve the char-CO.sub.2 reactivity of coal gangue. However, the interactions were absent for all the coal gangue/weathered coal mixtures, and interaction between coal gangue and pine sawdust was obvious during the reaction of char and CO.sub.2, which was affected by the blending ratio of pine sawdust.
Journal Article
Formation of TiBsub.2–MgAlsub.2Osub.4 Composites by SHS Metallurgy
TiB[sub.2]-MgAl[sub.2]O[sub.4] composites were fabricated by combustion synthesis involving metallothermic reduction reactions. Thermite reagents contained Al and Mg as dual reductants and TiO[sub.2] or B[sub.2]O[sub.3] as the oxidant. The reactant mixtures also comprised elemental Ti and boron, as well as a small amount of Al[sub.2]O[sub.3] or MgO to serve as the combustion moderator. Four reaction systems were conducted and all of them were exothermic enough to proceed in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The reaction based on B[sub.2]O[sub.3]/Al/Mg thermite and diluted with MgO was the most exothermic, while that containing TiO[sub.2]/Al/Mg thermite and Al[sub.2]O[sub.3] as the diluent was the least. Depending on different thermites and diluents, the combustion front temperatures in a range from 1320 to 1720 °C, and combustion wave velocity from 3.9 to 5.7 mm/s were measured. The XRD spectra confirmed in situ formation of TiB[sub.2] and MgAl[sub.2]O[sub.4]. It is believed that MgAl[sub.2]O[sub.4] was synthesized through a combination reaction between Al[sub.2]O[sub.3] and MgO, both of which can be totally or partially produced from the metallothermic reduction of B[sub.2]O[sub.3] or TiO[sub.2]. The microstructure of the TiB[sub.2]-MgAl[sub.2]O[sub.4] composite exhibited fine TiB[sub.2] crystals surrounded by large densified MgAl[sub.2]O[sub.4] grains. This study demonstrated an energy-saving and efficient route for fabricating MgAl[sub.2]O[sub.4]-containing composites.
Journal Article