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"Command and control"
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Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective
Military command and control is not merely evolving, it is co-evolving. Technology is creating new opportunities for different types of command and control, and new types of command and control are creating new aspirations for technology. The question is how to manage this process, how to achieve a jointly optimised blend of socio and technical and create the kind of agility and self-synchronisation that modern forms of command and control promise. The answer put forward in this book is to re-visit sociotechnical systems theory. In doing so, the problems of 21st century command and control can be approached from an alternative, multi-disciplinary and above all human-centred perspective.
eBook
Hacking the bomb : cyber threats and nuclear weapons
Are nuclear arsenals safe from cyber attack? We may be standing at the edge of a major technological challenge to global nuclear order. The increasing sophistication of hacking and cyber weapons, information warfare capabilities, and other dynamics of the cyber age are challenging the management, safeguards, and warning systems for nuclear weapons. Every nuclear power is currently modernizing its nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) capabilities, but there is a danger that in upgrading computer systems and making NC3 more networked, states may inadvertently also make their nuclear arsenals more vulnerable to breaches, interference, or even unintended use. In addition to implications for NC3, this new age also affects nuclear strategy, escalation dynamics in crisis management, and the ability to safeguard nuclear secrets. Andrew Futter cuts through the hype surrounding these challenges and provides a framework through which to understand and proactively address the implications of this emerging cyber-nuclear nexus.
Book
Distributed Situation Awareness
This book presents an exhaustive review and evaluation of contemporary theoretical perspectives on SA and of a range of SA measurement approaches. A novel theory of DSA in complex sociotechnical systems is presented, followed by an original methodology for assessing SA and DSA in command and control environments. It contains several naturalistic case studies of command and control scenarios undertaken in numerous military domains, as well as one involving multiple high-consequence civilian domains.
eBook
Sovereignty and command in Canada-US continental air defence, 1940-57
\"The 1940 Ogdensburg Agreement entrenched a formal defence relationship between Canada and the United States--but was Canadian sovereignty protected in this seemingly unequal partnership? Sovereignty and Command in Canada US Continental Air Defence, 1940 57 documents the close and sometimes fractious air defence relationship between the two countries. Drawing on untapped archival material, Richard Goette challenges prevailing perceptions of eroded Canadian sovereignty. He argues instead that a functional military transition from an air defence system based on cooperation to one based on integrated and centralized command and control under NORAD allowed Canada to retain command of its forces and thus protect its sovereignty. Compromises between Canadian, American, and British military cultures, operational and doctrinal factors, Canadian sensitivities, and cordial professional working relationships all had roles to play this transition. Goette combines historical narrative with a conceptual analysis of sovereignty, command and control systems, military professionalism, and civil-military relations. In the process, he provides essential insights into the Royal Canadian Air Force's paradigm shift away from its Royal Air Force roots toward closer ties with the United States Air Force and the role of the nation's armed forces in safeguarding its sovereignty.\"--Back cover.
Book
NORAD : in perpetuity and beyond
Wide-ranging changes have been made to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) since 2006, when the binational agreement was signed in perpetuity. NORAD traces the joint command's recent history - one marked by technological and structural innovations, but also by unprecedented threats and challenges.
eBook
Modelling Command and Control
Command and control environments continue to represent a challenging domain for human factors research. Modelling Command and Control takes a broad view of command and control research, to include C2 (command and control), C3 (command, control and communication), and C4 (command, control, communication and computers) as well as human supervisory control paradigms. The book presents case studies in diverse military applications (e.g. land, sea and air) of command and control. While the domains of application are very different, many of the challenges they face share interesting similarities.
eBook
Botnet Defense System: Observability, Controllability, and Basic Command and Control Strategy
This paper deals with the observability, controllability, and command and control strategy in the Botnet Defense System (BDS) that disinfects malicious botnets with white-hat botnets. The BDS defends an IoT system built over the Internet. The Internet is characterized by openness, but not all nodes are observable and controllable. We incorporated the concept of observability and controllability into the BDS design and theoretically clarified that the BDS can enhance its observability and controllability by utilizing its white-hat botnets. In addition, we proposed a Withdrawal strategy as a basic strategy to command and control white-hat botnets. Then, we modeled the BDS, adopted the Withdrawal strategy with agent-oriented Petri net PN2 and confirmed the effect through the simulation of the model. The result shows that even if considering observability and controllability, the BDS wiped out the malicious bots and reduced the white-hat bots to less than 1% as long as the white-hat worms were sufficiently infectious.
Journal Article
Using Supervised Learning to Detect Command and Control Attacks in IoT
The rapid proliferation of internet of things (IoT) devices has ushered in a new era of technological development. However, this growth has also exposed these devices to various cybersecurity risks, including command and control (C&C) attacks. C&C attacks involve unauthorized entities taking control of IoT devices to carry out malicious activities. Traditional cybersecurity measures often fall short in addressing these evolving threats. To enhance IoT security and counter C&C threats, this study explores the potential of supervised learning, a subfield of machine learning. Supervised learning, a method that utilizes past data to train machine learning models capable of independently identifying patterns indicative of C&C threats in real time, offers additional protection to IoT networks. This article delves into the advantages and drawbacks of this approach, considering factors such as the need for well-defined labeled datasets, resource constraints of IoT devices, and ethical considerations surrounding data security.
Journal Article
Research on the Robustness of Command and Control Networks under Cascading Failures
The current analysis of cascading failures in command and control networks pays little attention to their roles and mechanisms, resulting in challenges in quantifying survivability evaluation metrics and limiting practical application. To address these issues, this paper designs a command and control network model with a recovery strategy to improve the scientific evaluation of critical nodes and enhance the reliability of subsequent cascading failure simulations. Two capacity parameters are introduced to analyze the nonlinear behavior between network node load and capacity, and an optimal recovery strategy is proposed. This strategy prioritizes the recovery of critical nodes, thereby minimizing the overall probability of network failure. Simulations were conducted under both random failure and deliberate attack scenarios, comparing the proposed strategy with random recovery and betweenness-priority recovery strategies to identify the optimal recovery approach. The experiments showed that the optimal recovery strategy significantly enhanced the network’s survivability and recovery efficiency, allowing for the restoration of basic network functions in the shortest possible time and reducing the impact of cascading failures. By integrating the operability and uncertainty of real-world command and control networks, this method improved the network’s recovery capability and overall stability in the face of cascading failures through scientific evaluation and strategy optimization.
Journal Article