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"Commander"
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Commander Toad and the dis-asteroid
Commander Toad and his spaceship Star Warts answer a mysterious call for help from a flooded asteroid.
Book
The שרים in Daniel 10:13, 20-21: Princes or Battle Commanders?
This article examines the choice of the English term “prince” as the accepted rendering for the Hebrew term רש, in Daniel 10:13, 20-21, in English versions of the Bible. These versions influence the translations and ipso facto the reception of the text in most parts of the world because of their scholarly support. Using a synchronic approach to the Hebrew Bible, the study semantically analyses the Hebrew term רש in comparison to the English term “prince”. After a close examination of the translation consensus of the term, it is proposed that the literary context requires that רש be understood not as “prince” – mainly a royal term in current usage – but as “commander” or “captain” – in a military sense – considering that the role of the םירש in Daniel 10 was a military battle.
Journal Article
Commander Toad in space
The intrepid crew of the space ship \"Star Warts\" lands on a water-covered planet inhabited by Deep Wader, a horrible hungry monster.
Book
THE ???? IN DANIEL 10:13, 20-21: PRINCES OR BATTLE COMMANDERS?
This article examines the choice of the English term “prince” as the accepted rendering for the Hebrew term ?? , in Daniel 10:13, 20-21, in English versions of the Bible. These versions influence the translations and ipso facto the reception of the text in most parts of the world because of their scholarly support. Using a synchronic approach to the Hebrew Bible, the study semantically analyses the Hebrew term ?? in comparison to the English term “prince”. After a close examination of the translation consensus of the term, it is proposed that the literary context requires that ?? be understood not as “prince” – mainly a royal term in current usage – but as “commander” or “captain” – in a military sense – considering that the role of the ??? in Daniel 10 was a military battle.
Journal Article
Analysis for Evaluating Initial Incident Commander (IIC) Competencies on Fireground on VR Simulation Quantitative–Qualitative Evidence from South Korea
This study evaluates the competency-based performance of Initial Incident Commander (IIC) candidates—fire officers who serve as first-arriving, on-scene incident commanders—in South Korea and identifies sub-competency deficits to inform training improvements. Using evaluation data from 92 candidates tested between 2022 and 2024—of whom 67 achieved certification and 25 did not—we analyzed counts and mean scores for each sub-competency and integrated transcribed radio communications to contextualize deficiencies. Results show that while a majority (72.8%) passed, a significant proportion (27.2%) failed, with recurrent weaknesses in crisis response, progress management, and decision-making. For example, “Responding to Unexpected or Crisis Situations 3-3” recorded 27 unsuccessful cases with a mean score of 68.8. Candidates also struggled with resource allocation, situational awareness and radio communications. The study extends recognition-primed decision-making theory by operationalizing behavioral marker frameworks and underscores the need for predetermined internal alignment, scalability and teamwork synergy. Practical implications recommend incorporating high-fidelity simulation and VR scenarios, competency frameworks and reflective debriefs in training programs. Limitations include the single-country sample, reliance on predetermined scoring rubrics and absence of team-level analysis. Future research is indispensable to adopt multi-jurisdictional longitudinal designs, evaluate varied training interventions, assess skill retention and explore the interplay between physical and cognitive training over time.
Journal Article
A Commander-independent function of COMMD3 in endosomal trafficking
Endosomal recycling is a branch of intracellular membrane trafficking that retrieves endocytosed cargo proteins from early and late endosomes to prevent their degradation in lysosomes. A key player in endosomal recycling is the Commander complex, a 16-subunit protein assembly that cooperates with other endosomal factors to recruit cargo proteins and facilitate the formation of tubulo-vesicular carriers. While the crucial role of Commander in endosomal recycling is well established, its molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we genetically dissected the Commander complex using unbiased genetic screens and comparative targeted mutations. Unexpectedly, our findings revealed a Commander-independent function for COMMD3, a subunit of the Commander complex, in endosomal recycling. COMMD3 regulates a subset of cargo proteins independently of the other Commander subunits. The Commander-independent function of COMMD3 is mediated by its N-terminal domain (NTD), which binds and stabilizes ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1), a small GTPase regulating endosomal recycling. Mutations disrupting the COMMD3-ARF1 interaction diminish ARF1 expression and impair COMMD3-dependent cargo recycling. These data provide direct evidence that Commander subunits can function outside the holo-complex and raise the intriguing possibility that components of other membrane trafficking complexes may also possess functions beyond their respective complexes.
Journal Article
Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller’s sea cow
The late Pleistocene extinction of so many large-bodied vertebrates has been variously attributed to two general causes: rapid climate change and the effects of humans as they spread from the Old World to previously uninhabited continents and islands. Many large-bodied vertebrates, especially large apex predators, maintain their associated ecosystems through top-down forcing processes, especially trophic cascades, and megaherbivores also exert an array of strong indirect effects on their communities. Thus, a third possibility for at least some of the Pleistocene extinctions is that they occurred through habitat changes resulting from the loss of these other keystone species. Here we explore the plausibility of this mechanism, using information on sea otters, kelp forests, and the recent extinction of Steller’s sea cows from the Commander Islands. Large numbers of sea cows occurred in the Commander Islands at the time of their discovery by Europeans in 1741. Although extinction of these last remaining sea cows during early years of the Pacific maritime fur trade is widely thought to be a consequence of direct human overkill, we show that it is also a probable consequence of the loss of sea otters and the co-occurring loss of kelp, even if not a single sea cow had been killed directly by humans. This example supports the hypothesis that the directly caused extinctions of a few large vertebrates in the late Pleistocene may have resulted in the coextinction of numerous other species.
Journal Article