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"Commands"
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Who's in charge here? Co-CEOs, power gaps, and firm performance
At the pinnacles of organizations, comparative tests of unity of command and shared command are nearly impossible because only one individual sits atop most organizations. In organizations led by co-CEOs, however, such a test is possible because co-CEOs can truly share power. But do they? Our research pits the unity-of-command principle against the shared-command principle and finds overall support for the former, even within the co-CEO context. Our sample of 71 co-CEO pairs at publicly traded U.S. firms shows that increasing power gaps between co-CEOs are positively associated with firm performance. This positive association wanes and turns negative, however, as power gaps become very large. We conclude that whatever benefits the co-CEO structure might offer likely lie outside the shared command paradigm.
Journal Article
Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective
Military command and control is not merely evolving, it is co-evolving. Technology is creating new opportunities for different types of command and control, and new types of command and control are creating new aspirations for technology. The question is how to manage this process, how to achieve a jointly optimised blend of socio and technical and create the kind of agility and self-synchronisation that modern forms of command and control promise. The answer put forward in this book is to re-visit sociotechnical systems theory. In doing so, the problems of 21st century command and control can be approached from an alternative, multi-disciplinary and above all human-centred perspective.
eBook
NORAD : in perpetuity and beyond
Wide-ranging changes have been made to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) since 2006, when the binational agreement was signed in perpetuity. NORAD traces the joint command's recent history - one marked by technological and structural innovations, but also by unprecedented threats and challenges.
eBook
Distributed Situation Awareness
This book presents an exhaustive review and evaluation of contemporary theoretical perspectives on SA and of a range of SA measurement approaches. A novel theory of DSA in complex sociotechnical systems is presented, followed by an original methodology for assessing SA and DSA in command and control environments. It contains several naturalistic case studies of command and control scenarios undertaken in numerous military domains, as well as one involving multiple high-consequence civilian domains.
eBook
Mission Command’s Asymmetric Advantage Through AI-Driven Data Management
Artificial intelligence can optimize mission command by condensing multisource field data that ascends the decision chain while distilling concise, decision-quality guidance to the tactical edge. Diverging from existing publications, this article positions information asymmetry as a defining pillar of mission command rather than a limitation. This article presents a condensation-distillation framework that manages complexity through data condensation, AI-driven distillation, and conceptual metrics to assess asymmetric information flows. Drawing on military doctrine, algorithmic-warfare literature, and current modernization programs, military practitioners will engage with a systems-thinking perspective, revealing how AI-enabled command and control can enhance decision clarity and reinforce the intent of mission command.
Journal Article
Modelling Command and Control
Command and control environments continue to represent a challenging domain for human factors research. Modelling Command and Control takes a broad view of command and control research, to include C2 (command and control), C3 (command, control and communication), and C4 (command, control, communication and computers) as well as human supervisory control paradigms. The book presents case studies in diverse military applications (e.g. land, sea and air) of command and control. While the domains of application are very different, many of the challenges they face share interesting similarities.
eBook
Dynamics and swing control of mobile boom cranes subject to wind disturbances
Operating cranes is challenging because payloads can experience large and dangerous oscillations. The oscillations are induced by both intentional motions commanded by the human operator and by external disturbances. Although significant progress has been achieved by using command shaping to reduce operator-induced vibration, less success has been achieved on reducing oscillations induced by external disturbances, such as wind. The disturbance-rejection task is more challenging because it requires accurate sensing of the crane payload. This study presents a combined command shaping and feedback control architecture. The input shaper eliminates the payload oscillation caused by human-operator commands, and the feedback controller reduces the effect of wind gusts. Simulations of a large range of motions are used to analyse the dynamic behaviour of boom cranes using the proposed controller. Experimental results obtained from a small-scale boom crane validate the simulated dynamic behaviour and the effectiveness of the controller.
Journal Article
Can policy-packaging increase public support for costly policies? Insights from a choice experiment on policies against vehicle emissions
Public support is usually a precondition for the adoption and successful implementation of costly policies. We argue that such support is easier to achieve with policy-packages that incorporate primary and ancillary measures. We specifically distinguish command-and-control and market-based measures as primary measures and argue that the former will usually garner more public support than the latter given the low-visibility tendency of costs associated with command-and-control measures. Nevertheless, if included in a policy-package, ancillary measures are likely to increase public support by reducing negative effects of primary measures. Based on a choice experiment with a representative sample of 2,034 Swiss citizens, we assessed these arguments with respect to political efforts to reduce vehicle emissions. The empirical analysis supported the argument that policy-packaging affects public support positively, particularly generating more support when ancillary measures are added. Lastly, we ultimately observe that command-and-control measures obtain more public support than market-based instruments.
Journal Article