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Schism : China, America and the fracturing of the global trading system
\"China's entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, following years of negotiations, resulted in profound changes--both good and bad--for China, for its trading partners (particularly its most important, the United States) and for the global trading system as a whole. Journalist Paul Blustein weaves a compelling story based on interviews with many of the participants involved in the negotiations and subsequent WTO trade disputes involving China. He incorporates information from news reports, written briefs, oral presentations, internal White House memoranda and other published material, to detail the process, events and individuals involved in China's bid to join the WTO and the developments that followed. Efforts by non-Chinese officials and political actors to address Beijing's most problematic policies, with the United States taking a lead role, are recounted; the book also examines the parts played by multilateral institutions, specifically the WTO and the International Monetary Fund. The phenomenon of the \"China shock\" and the evolution of \"China Inc.\" are examined. The author maintains that integrating China into the global economy presented an immense challenge to the international community, and although the WTO has been far from perfect, the process has gone much more smoothly, from a global standpoint, than it would have otherwise. The narrative culminates in the Sino-US trade war and related events of 2018-2019 that have brought the trading system to a breaking point.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Marijuana Promotion Online: an Investigation of Dispensary Practices
Marijuana product advertising will become more common, as the use of medical and/or recreational marijuana becomes increasingly legal in the USA. In this study, we investigate the marketing tactics being used on marijuana dispensary websites in the USA that could influence substance use behaviors. One hundred dispensary websites were randomly selected from 10 states that allowed the legal use of medical or recreational marijuana and had at least 10 operational dispensaries. Three dispensaries were excluded due to non-functioning websites, leaving a sample of 97 dispensaries. Content analysis was conducted on these dispensaries’ websites, with the primary areas of focus including website age verification, marijuana effects, warnings, and promotional tactics. Among the 97 dispensaries, 75% did not include age verification. Roughly 30% offered online ordering and 21% offered delivery services. Sixty-seven percent made health claims pertaining to medical conditions that could be treated by their marijuana products, with moderate or conclusive evidence to support their claims. Less than half of the dispensaries (45%) advised consumers of possible side effects, and only 18% included warnings about contraindications. Nearly half (44%) offered reduced prices or coupons, 19% offered “buy one get one free” offers, and 16% provided giveaways or free samples. Our findings indicate that marijuana dispensary websites are easily accessible to youth. In addition, only a small amount of the websites advised consumers about possible side effects or contraindications. This study suggests the need for surveillance of marijuana commercialization and online advertising especially in the context of state policy reforms.
Journal Article
International Trade and Developing Countries
A keen analysis of how and why countries bargain together in groups in world affairs, and why such coalitions are crucial to individual developing nations. It also reveals the effects these negotiating blocs are having on world affairs.
Successful coalition building has proven to be a difficult and expensive process. Allies are often not obvious and need to be carefully identified. Large numbers do not necessarily entail a proportionate increase in influence. And the weak have the choice of teaming up against or jumping on the bandwagon with the strong. Even after it has been organised, collective action entails costs of many kinds.
This book investigates the relevance and workability of coalitions as instruments of bargaining power for the weak. More specifically, this analyzes the coalition strategies of developing countries at the inter-state level, particularly in the context of international trade.
Given the nature of this enquiry, this new study uses theoretical and empirical methods to complement each other. The theoretical approach draws from a plethora of writings: formal theories of clubs and coalitions, theories of domestic political economy and theories of international relations. The empirical analysis of comparable coalitions becomes necessary to assist in this theorising, so the greater part of the book focuses mainly (though not exclusively) on coalitions involving developing countries on the issue-area of trade in services. Through the case-studies of the Uruguay Round and an analytical overview of more recent coalitions, this text fills an important gap in the literature of international political economy and international relations where most GATT/WTO-based coalitions have eluded record.
This book will be of great interest to all students of international relations, politics and globalization.
eBook
Information acquisitions and sharing through inter-organizational collaboration : impacts of business performance in china
\"This book discusses the effectiveness and impact of trust, e-business diffusion, and organizational processes on business performance in cooperative scenarios, incorporating data from over 500 organizations in China's manufacturing sector\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Without food, there can be no exit from the pandemic
[...]governments and investors can benefit from more transparency and information than ever before on market conditions, through tools such as the Agricultural Market Information System (www.amis-outlook.org), which can reduce uncertainty. In Africa, mobile phones are improving access to markets, prices and weather data, as well as facilitating money transfers6. The people who are working on vaccine trials, health care, drug discovery and economic recovery must all still eat. The author Máximo Torero is the chief economist of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy. e-mail: maximo.torerocullen@fao.org \"Nations depend on each other for staple ingredients, pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed, personnel and expertise.\"
Journal Article
Is the World Trade Organization attractive enough for emerging economies? : critical essays on the multilateral trading system
\"Do countries benefit from their Membership in the WTO? This book addresses this question and examines the role of the WTO in the process of economic development of emerging markets and other developing countries\"--Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Credit Evaluation System Based on Blockchain for Multiple Stakeholders in the Food Supply Chain
The food supply chain is a complex system that involves a multitude of “stakeholders” such as farmers, production factories, distributors, retailers and consumers. “Information asymmetry” between stakeholders is one of the major factors that lead to food fraud. Some current researches have shown that applying blockchain can help ensure food safety. However, they tend to study the traceability of food but not its supervision. This paper provides a blockchain-based credit evaluation system to strengthen the effectiveness of supervision and management in the food supply chain. The system gathers credit evaluation text from traders by smart contracts on the blockchain. Then the gathered text is analyzed directly by a deep learning network named Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Finally traders’ credit results are used as a reference for the supervision and management of regulators. By applying blockchain, traders can be held accountable for their actions in the process of transaction and credit evaluation. Regulators can gather more reliable, authentic and sufficient information about traders. The results of experiments show that adopting LSTM results in better performance than traditional machine learning methods such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Navie Bayes (NB) to analyze the credit evaluation text. The system provides a friendly interface for the convenience of users.
Journal Article
A pharmacy too far? Equity and spatial distribution of outcomes in the delivery of subsidized artemisinin-based combination therapies through private drug shops
Background
Millions of individuals with malaria-like fevers purchase drugs from private retailers, but artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), the only effective treatment in regions with high levels of resistance to older drugs, are rarely obtained through these outlets due to their relatively high cost. To encourage scale up of ACTs, the Affordable Medicines Facility – malaria is being launched to subsidize their price. The Government of Tanzania and the Clinton Foundation piloted this subsidized distribution model in two Tanzanian districts to examine concerns about whether the intervention will successfully reach poor, rural communities.
Methods
Stocking of ACTs and other antimalarial drugs in all retail shops was observed at baseline and in four subsequent surveys over 15 months. Exit interviews were conducted with antimalarial drug customers during each survey period. All shops and facilities were georeferenced, and variables related to population density and proximity to distribution hubs, roads, and other facilities were calculated. To understand the equity of impact, shops stocking ACTs and consumers buying them were compared to those that did not, according to geographic and socioeconomic variables. Patterning in ACT stocking and sales was evaluated against that of other common antimalarials to identify factors that may have impacted access. Qualitative data were used to assess motivations underlying stocking, distribution, and buying disparities.
Results
Results indicated that although total ACT purchases rose from negligible levels to nearly half of total antimalarial sales over the course of the pilot, considerable geographic variation in stocking and sales persisted and was related to a variety of socio-spatial factors; ACTs were stocked more often in shops located closer to district towns (p<0.01) and major roads (p<0.01) and frequented by individuals of higher socioeconomic status (p<0.01). However, other antimalarial drugs displayed similar patterning, indicating the existence of underlying disparities in access to antimalarial drugs in general in these districts.
Conclusions
As this subsidy model is scaled up across multiple countries, these results confirm the potential for increased ACT usage but suggest that additional efforts to increase access in remote areas will be needed for the scale-up to have equitable impact.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN39125414.
Journal Article