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Efficient Lighting Applications and Case Studies
With the increased concern for energy conservation in recent years, much attention has been focused on lighting energy consumption and methods for reducing it. Along with this concern for energy efficient lighting has come the realization that lighting has profound effects on worker productivity as well as important aesthetic qualities. This book presents an introduction to lighting design and energy efficiency which can be utilized while maintaining the quality of illumination. Topics include lighting energy management, selection of lamps, task lighting, lighting design, lighting control, reflectors, ballast selection, natural daylighting, wireless lighting control, and case studies.
eBook
Energy Auditing for Efficient Planning and Implementation in Commercial and Residential Buildings
The ideology of ensuring energy-efficient design and construction of buildings by providing minimum requirements is the core objective of this work. Energy audit was conducted to improve the design of the building with incremental requirements to further enhance the energy efficiency. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) has been modified extensively over the years, starting from its initial deployment in the year 2011 to its latest modifications in the year 2019. The energy conservation standards in ECBC apply to building envelope, heating ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, service water heating, and electric power distribution. It should also be ensured that all-electric systems, transformers, energy-efficient motors, and diesel generators must meet the regulated set of mandatory requirements. From among the various software types that have been approved for ECBC design and application, this study has employed Energy Plus software to simulate the design based on the given input and the selected location. The location that has been chosen for this study was Bhubaneshwar, India. All necessary details ranging from latitude, longitude, weather, time zone, elevation, building area, lighting, heating, cooling, and much more have been covered in the simulation. Utilizing ECBC regulated standards for an energy-efficient building design has resulted in an increase in the energy savings by 27.4%, and thus, the building qualifies to be regarded as an ECBC compliant building.
Journal Article
Direct Illuminance-Contribution-Based Lighting Control for IoT-Based Lighting Systems in Smart Buildings
With the advent of low-voltage light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, smart buildings have recently become more energy efficient. Nevertheless, the lighting-control system is one of the major sources of electrical energy consumption in commercial buildings. This study proposes a direct illuminance-contribution-based lighting-control framework to reduce the energy of LED luminaires and ensure illuminance for user requirements in smart buildings. Specifically, we designed a direct illuminance-contribution-based lighting-control algorithm (DIC-LCA) using luminaires that are ideally axisymmetric with all light emitted below the horizontal plane and developed a WiFi lighting controller for the IoT-based lighting-control systems in smart buildings. The DIC-LCA can adjust the dimming level by calculating the illuminance based on the line of sight (LOS) distance for energy saving and user satisfaction. After simulation analysis, we prove that energy savings can be achieved by controlling the dimming levels of LED luminaires with high light contribution.
Journal Article
Laboratory Validation of Integrated Lighting Systems Retrofit Performance and Energy Savings
Light-emitting diodes (LED) fixtures and lamps have emerged as leading technologies for general illumination and are a well-established energy efficiency retrofit measure in commercial buildings (from around 2% of installed fixtures and lamps in 2013 to 28% by 2020). Retrofit approaches that integrate elements, such as networked controls, daylight dimming, and advanced shade technologies lag in comparison. Integrated retrofits have been shown to increase savings over single end-use retrofits, but are perceived as higher complexity and risk. More validation of integrated lighting system performance is needed. This study presents results from laboratory testing of three packages combining fixtures, networked controls, task tuning, and daylight dimming, advanced shades, and lighting layout changes. We characterize performance in perimeter open-office zones, finding energy savings from 20% for daylight dimming and automated shades (no LED retrofit) to over 70% for LED retrofits with advanced controls and shades or lighting layout changes. We present some implementation details, including lessons learned from installation and commissioning in the laboratory setting. We also discuss cost-benefit analysis approaches for the types of packages presented, including the need to quantify and incorporate energy and non-energy benefits for advanced shades packages, which enhance occupant comfort but add significant cost.
Journal Article
Assessment of Daylighting Strategies in Selected Convention Centres for Improved Sustainability
The study aims to assess the extent to which daylighting strategies are implemented in selected convention centres. The objectives are to identify daylighting strategies utilized in selected convention centres, and evaluate their adequacy. The study focused on convention centres as they are commercial buildings that consume large amounts of energy. Three convention centres were conveniently selected at random in Lagos State, Nigeria due to the easy access for observation. The study used the mixed-method approach. 100 questionnaires were issued to respondents in each centre and 131 were retrieved and used for analysis. The data collected were descriptively analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the results were sorted from the highest to the lowest in terms of their mean item score (MIS), and presented in tables. The sizes and functions of the identified strategies in the case studies were analyzed in relation to standards, and the findings were discussed in relation to other researches. It was revealed that the selected convention centres did not utilize daylighting strategies effectively as they rely largely on artificial lighting. The findings further revealed that daylighting is not very well considered at the conceptualization stage of this building typology. The pieces of evidence show that as the elements in a space are considered, adequate daylight can enter that space and create the potential for energy savings in lighting. Further studies can be carried out in existing convention centres in other developing countries to explore the influence of daylighting on energy savings. This paper provides valuable information on acceptable daylighting strategies based on the observations made which could be incorporated in convention centres from the design stage, and insight into measuring the adequacy of daylighting strategies in convention centres in comparison with other researchers’ findings as discussed below.
Journal Article
Strategic Decarbonization: Modernizing and Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Existing Commercial High-Rise Buildings
Modernizing existing commercial buildings is a more sustainable option than constructing new ones. The carbon footprint of existing buildings is already embedded in their materials, such as steel, concrete, and aluminum. Producing materials for new buildings demands significant resources and has long-term environmental impacts. In Chicago's Loop, where most high-rises were built before 1975 and new buildings make up small amount of the stock, focusing on existing buildings is crucial. This is true for high-rises in any major city. Modernization benefits include environmental impact reduction, energy cost savings for owners, and improved tenant comfort. Energy efficiency in design involves understanding efficient systems and utilizing natural processes to reduce building loads. For existing buildings, this means improving the building envelope, modernizing heating/cooling systems, optimizing HVAC temperatures, implementing smart building operations, and facilitating electrification for renewable energy use. This presentation showcases studies of high-rise modernization, highlighting significant energy savings and competitive repositioning.
Journal Article
Assessing the Mass Adoption of Demand Flexibility Strategies Across the U.S. Commercial Building Stock
Demand flexibility (DF) is a promising strategy to balance energy supply and demand, reduce electricity costs, and enhance grid reliability, but its large-scale potential in buildings across the United States remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by applying the ComStock model's workflow with DF measures to conduct physics-based energy simulations for representative commercial buildings across U.S. climate zones to quantify stateand stock-level benefits of DF adoption. We evaluate two widely applicable DF strategies (thermostat setpoint adjustments and lighting dimming) under scenarios targeting peak reduction in buildings and peak relief for the grid. Depending on the specific design controls-such as determining daily dispatch windows-each DF measure may differently influence grid-level peak demand, individual building-level peak demand, and individual building-level electricity bill costs. Results reveal a fundamental trade-off: building-centric objective reduce individual building peaks by ~7% daily but provide little grid relief, whereas grid-oriented controls achieve 13%-20% grid-level peak reduction with limited benefit for individual buildings. Energy and utility bill cost savings are modest. Impacts vary across building types, U.S. climates, and grid characteristics. These findings underscore the potential and limitations of DF, highlighting the importance of aligning building and grid objectives through incentives and coordinated control strategies. By providing one of the first stock-level quantitative assessments of DF adoption in the U.S. commercial sector, this study offers actionable insights for utilities and other demand-intense entities to foster a more reliable and cost-efficient electricity ecosystem. The resulting dataset is publicly released to support future research and program design.
Journal Article
Influence of Thermal Comfort on Energy Consumption for Building Occupants: The Current State of the Art
Thermal comfort is a complex issue in the built environment due to the physiological and psychological differences of each individual in a building. There is a growing worry over the environmental implications of energy use as a result of the warming of the global climate and the growth in the number of instances of extreme weather events. Many review articles have been written, but these reviews have focused on a specific aspect of occupant behavior and thermal comfort. To research the trends of thermal comfort and energy, this research adopted mixed reviews, i.e., quantitative and qualitative, to understand the state-of-the-art factors affecting the thermal comfort of occupants concerning energy, different occupant modeling approaches, functions, and limitations. The in-depth qualitative discussion provides deeper insights into the impacts of occupant behaviors, factors affecting thermal comfort, and occupant behavior modeling approaches. This study classified occupant behaviors into five categories: occupant characteristics, perceptions of the occupant, realistic behaviors, heat gain, and occupant interactions with the system. It also went further to classify the factors affecting the thermal comfort of users based on past works of literature. These include structural, environmental, and human factors. It was concluded that factors that have the most significant impact on energy are human, structural, and environmental factors, respectively. In addition, most of the occupant behavior modeling approaches that have been used in past studies have pros and cons and cannot accurately predict human behaviors because they are stochastic. Future research should be conducted on thermal comfort for different building functions by examining the varied activity intensity levels of users, especially in educational or commercial buildings. Additionally, a proper investigation should be carried out on how thermal insulation of structural members influences thermal comfort. These should be compared in two similar buildings to understand occupant behavioral actions and energy consumption.
Journal Article
A building-scale modeling framework for urban net-zero transitions in Nanjing
Carbon reduction during the operational phase of buildings is a critical component in achieving global carbon neutrality objectives. Current emission estimation methods often overlook building-level heterogeneity, limiting precise retrofit strategies. Here, we develop a building-based emissions accounting framework incorporating building typology, function, and geometry, augmented by facility-level power plant data. We propose tailored operational-phase mitigation technologies, analyzing 2020-2050 pathways through baseline, regulatory, and blueprint scenarios. Demand-side strategies target energy behavior modification (e.g., efficient lighting), while supply-side interventions prioritize coal-to-biomass conversion and fossil plant retirement. Applied to Nanjing (534,000 buildings across 101 streets), results show commercial buildings exhibit 3.9 times higher carbon intensity than residential units. End-use efficiency upgrades (HVAC, lighting, appliances) prove most effective for commercial sectors, whereas supply-side gains derive primarily from accelerated coal plant phaseout before 2045 and renewable integration (solar/wind/nuclear). This approach provides actionable building-specific decarbonization pathways, offering policymakers science-backed strategies for urban energy transitions.
In order to achieve net zeros in our urban areas, buildings need to adapt. This paper demonstrates a transferable building-scale model for net zero transitions in Nanjing. China.
Journal Article