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Efficient Lighting Applications and Case Studies
With the increased concern for energy conservation in recent years, much attention has been focused on lighting energy consumption and methods for reducing it. Along with this concern for energy efficient lighting has come the realization that lighting has profound effects on worker productivity as well as important aesthetic qualities. This book presents an introduction to lighting design and energy efficiency which can be utilized while maintaining the quality of illumination. Topics include lighting energy management, selection of lamps, task lighting, lighting design, lighting control, reflectors, ballast selection, natural daylighting, wireless lighting control, and case studies.
eBook
Energy Auditing for Efficient Planning and Implementation in Commercial and Residential Buildings
The ideology of ensuring energy-efficient design and construction of buildings by providing minimum requirements is the core objective of this work. Energy audit was conducted to improve the design of the building with incremental requirements to further enhance the energy efficiency. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) has been modified extensively over the years, starting from its initial deployment in the year 2011 to its latest modifications in the year 2019. The energy conservation standards in ECBC apply to building envelope, heating ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, service water heating, and electric power distribution. It should also be ensured that all-electric systems, transformers, energy-efficient motors, and diesel generators must meet the regulated set of mandatory requirements. From among the various software types that have been approved for ECBC design and application, this study has employed Energy Plus software to simulate the design based on the given input and the selected location. The location that has been chosen for this study was Bhubaneshwar, India. All necessary details ranging from latitude, longitude, weather, time zone, elevation, building area, lighting, heating, cooling, and much more have been covered in the simulation. Utilizing ECBC regulated standards for an energy-efficient building design has resulted in an increase in the energy savings by 27.4%, and thus, the building qualifies to be regarded as an ECBC compliant building.
Journal Article
Direct Illuminance-Contribution-Based Lighting Control for IoT-Based Lighting Systems in Smart Buildings
With the advent of low-voltage light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, smart buildings have recently become more energy efficient. Nevertheless, the lighting-control system is one of the major sources of electrical energy consumption in commercial buildings. This study proposes a direct illuminance-contribution-based lighting-control framework to reduce the energy of LED luminaires and ensure illuminance for user requirements in smart buildings. Specifically, we designed a direct illuminance-contribution-based lighting-control algorithm (DIC-LCA) using luminaires that are ideally axisymmetric with all light emitted below the horizontal plane and developed a WiFi lighting controller for the IoT-based lighting-control systems in smart buildings. The DIC-LCA can adjust the dimming level by calculating the illuminance based on the line of sight (LOS) distance for energy saving and user satisfaction. After simulation analysis, we prove that energy savings can be achieved by controlling the dimming levels of LED luminaires with high light contribution.
Journal Article
Assessment of Daylighting Strategies in Selected Convention Centres for Improved Sustainability
The study aims to assess the extent to which daylighting strategies are implemented in selected convention centres. The objectives are to identify daylighting strategies utilized in selected convention centres, and evaluate their adequacy. The study focused on convention centres as they are commercial buildings that consume large amounts of energy. Three convention centres were conveniently selected at random in Lagos State, Nigeria due to the easy access for observation. The study used the mixed-method approach. 100 questionnaires were issued to respondents in each centre and 131 were retrieved and used for analysis. The data collected were descriptively analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the results were sorted from the highest to the lowest in terms of their mean item score (MIS), and presented in tables. The sizes and functions of the identified strategies in the case studies were analyzed in relation to standards, and the findings were discussed in relation to other researches. It was revealed that the selected convention centres did not utilize daylighting strategies effectively as they rely largely on artificial lighting. The findings further revealed that daylighting is not very well considered at the conceptualization stage of this building typology. The pieces of evidence show that as the elements in a space are considered, adequate daylight can enter that space and create the potential for energy savings in lighting. Further studies can be carried out in existing convention centres in other developing countries to explore the influence of daylighting on energy savings. This paper provides valuable information on acceptable daylighting strategies based on the observations made which could be incorporated in convention centres from the design stage, and insight into measuring the adequacy of daylighting strategies in convention centres in comparison with other researchers’ findings as discussed below.
Journal Article
Laboratory Validation of Integrated Lighting Systems Retrofit Performance and Energy Savings
Light-emitting diodes (LED) fixtures and lamps have emerged as leading technologies for general illumination and are a well-established energy efficiency retrofit measure in commercial buildings (from around 2% of installed fixtures and lamps in 2013 to 28% by 2020). Retrofit approaches that integrate elements, such as networked controls, daylight dimming, and advanced shade technologies lag in comparison. Integrated retrofits have been shown to increase savings over single end-use retrofits, but are perceived as higher complexity and risk. More validation of integrated lighting system performance is needed. This study presents results from laboratory testing of three packages combining fixtures, networked controls, task tuning, and daylight dimming, advanced shades, and lighting layout changes. We characterize performance in perimeter open-office zones, finding energy savings from 20% for daylight dimming and automated shades (no LED retrofit) to over 70% for LED retrofits with advanced controls and shades or lighting layout changes. We present some implementation details, including lessons learned from installation and commissioning in the laboratory setting. We also discuss cost-benefit analysis approaches for the types of packages presented, including the need to quantify and incorporate energy and non-energy benefits for advanced shades packages, which enhance occupant comfort but add significant cost.
Journal Article
Energy efficiency of commercial offices by luminous retrofit
Lighting is one of the systems that mostly consume electricity in commercial buildings. Therefore, improving its efficiency has the potential to reduce electricity consumption and emission of polluting gases. The objective of the present study was to assess an office lighting system retrofit of an existing building from the 1990s, verify the light levels in relation to standards of the Brazilian requirements, and to explore new systems with potential for luminous and energy improvement. The analyzes were carried out through computer simulations using the DIALux evo software, which allows the evaluation of artificial and natural illuminations simultaneously. The results indicated that the existing lighting system does not meet the average illuminance standard value for office environment. From simulations with new arrangements and types of luminaires and lamps, two more efficient lighting systems were designed. The first presented savings of 15.5% in lighting energy when replacing T12 fluorescent lamps with LED luminaires. The second system considered the use of natural light and was complemented by artificial lighting with the aid of a dimming system linked to the availability of daylight, and presented up to 67% less electric energy consumption when compared to the existing lighting system in the environments. Therefore, it was possible to propose actions to the existing lighting system retrofit and, thus, offer better visual comfort to users and at the same time save energy.
Journal Article
Energy Consumption, Energy Analysis, and Solar Energy Integration for Commercial Building Restaurants
In the domain of energy consumption in restaurant-type commercial buildings, traditional energy audits tend to concentrate mainly on electrical loads, often neglecting the specifics of the restaurant sector, especially regarding liquified petroleum gas fuel consumption. This research employs a comprehensive energy audit framework specifically designed for the commercial building restaurant sector. Using energy data from 130 restaurants, we computed the building energy index that ranged in between 650 and 1000 kWh/m2/year. Using linear regression, we assessed the relationship between building energy index and restaurant area, uncovering a low R2 value, suggesting the unsuitability of the building energy index as an exclusive measure for restaurants. Concurrently, our detailed comparative study showed that liquified petroleum gas-fueled equipment uses about 38% more energy than electric fueled equipment but is 0.5% cheaper and significantly less polluting. Investigating renewable energy potentials, we found solar PV application as a viable option for restaurants. The results showed that solar PV installation could produce approximately 11,064,898 kWh, translating to utility savings of RM 7,381,929 and reductions of 7,108,327 kgCO2, 68,959 kgSO2, and 31,823 kgCO emissions. Conclusively, our findings underline the need for a diversified energy assessment in restaurants and the tangible benefits of renewable energy integration.
Journal Article
Development of Recurrent Neural Networks for Thermal/Electrical Analysis of Non-Residential Buildings Based on Energy Consumptions Data
Extensive research has focused on optimizing energy consumption in residential buildings based on indoor thermal conditions. However, modeling the energy and thermal behavior of non-residential buildings presents greater challenges due to their complex geometries and the high computational cost of detailed simulations. Simplifying input variables can enhance the applicability of artificial intelligence techniques in predicting energy and thermal performance. This study proposes a neural network-based approach to characterize the thermal–energy relationship in commercial buildings, aiming to provide an efficient and scalable solution for performance prediction. Consumptions trends for a building are generated using the EnergyPlus™ dynamic simulation software over a timespan of a year in different locations, and the data are then used to train neural network models. Uncertainty analyses are carried out to evaluate the behavior effectiveness of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) in different weather conditions, and the root mean square error (RMSE) is calculated in terms of mean air temperatures. The results show that this approach can reproduce the functional relationship between input and output data. Three different ANNs are trained for the northern, central, and southern climatic zones of Italy. The southern region’s models achieved the highest accuracy, with an RMSE below 0.5 °C; whereas the model for the northern cities was less accurate, since no specific trend in plant management was present, but it still achieved an acceptable accuracy of 1.0 °C. This approach is computationally lightweight; inference time is below 5 ms, and can be easily embedded in optimization algorithms for load dispatch or in microcontroller applications for building automation systems.
Journal Article
Sensitivity Analysis and Multi-Objective Optimization of Skylight Design in the Early Design Stage
Building geometry design decisions are important for energy efficiency and daylight performance. Sensitivity analysis, coupled with optimization, is an important approach to investigate and optimize building geometry in the early design stage. Incorporating skylights is an important daylighting strategy in commercial buildings; however, skylight-to-floor ratio (SFR) is often the only design variable evaluated in precedent studies. More design variables related to skylight geometry, clerestory geometry, skylight material, and building geometry need to be evaluated. This study investigates the skylight design of a 2000-square-meter commercial building. Eighteen design variables are evaluated according to their influence on building energy and daylight performance. One-at-a-time (OAT), linear regression, and Morris sensitivity analysis approaches are utilized to identify the most influential variables. Seven of the twelve building geometry variables and two of the six building material variables are considered as important. Then, a multi-objective optimization with genetic algorithms is processed to find out the optimal design solution. The three objectives are energy use intensity (EUI), daylight autonomy (DA), and daylight uniformity (DU). After the optimization, five candidate design options are picked from the Pareto front. Discussions are made on the features of these designs, and one design is selected as the optimal solution.
Journal Article